Английская Википедия:Herbert Rollwage

Herbert Rollwage (24 September 1916 – 4 January 1980) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. Depending on source, he is credited between 71 and 102 aerial victories achieved in 664 combat missions. This figure includes 11 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and at least 61 victories over the Western Allies, including up to 44 four-engine heavy bombers.

Career

Rollwage was born on 24 September 1916 in Gielde, at the time in the Province of Hanover within the German Empire, present-day part of the Schladen-Werla municipality. He was the son of a shunter who joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as an Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) candidate in 1936. Following flight training,Шаблон:Refn Rollwage was posted to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1941 holding the rank of Feldwebel (platoon sergeant).Шаблон:Sfn

Operation Barbarossa

On 8 June 1941, the bulk of JG 53's air elements moved via Jever, in northern Germany, to Mannheim-Sandhofen. There the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul prior to moving east. The II. Gruppe was transferred to Neusiedel in East Prussia, present-day Malomožaiskojė in Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, between 12–14 June.Шаблон:Sfn On 22 June, the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front. That day, Rollwage claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Soviet Tupolev SB-2 bomber.Шаблон:Sfn On 5 July 1941, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Шаблон:Lang) followed by the Iron Cross 1st Class (Шаблон:Lang) on 16 September.Шаблон:Sfn

On 5 October, Rollwage claimed his last aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his eleventh in total, when he shot down a Polikarpov I-16 fighter.Шаблон:Sfn That day, his unit flew its final missions in the area of Shlisselburg. The Gruppe then relocated to the Western Front where it arrived at Leeuwarden in the Netherlands on 12 October.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 December 1941, II. Gruppe moved to the Mediterranean theater and where then based at Comiso airfield during the siege of Malta.Шаблон:Sfn

Mediterranean theater

Rollwage was credited with his first aerial victory in the Mediterranean theater on 4 January 1942, claiming Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter shot down.Шаблон:Sfn On 14 April, he claimed his 13th and 14th aerial victories when he shot down two Bristol Beaufort bombers south of Qrendi.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Two Supermarine Spitfire fighters claimed on 10 May near Valletta took his total to 18 aerial victories.Шаблон:Sfn Three days later, he claimed another Spitfire shot down near Luqa.Шаблон:Sfn On 14 July, Rollwage participated in mission which escorted 15 Junkers Ju 88 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54—54th Bomber Wing) to the RAF Luqa airfield. On this mission, he claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-468-1404-28, Italien, Flugzeuge Me 109 auf Feldflugplatz.jpg

Messerschmitt Bf 109G's of JG 53 in southern Italy

On 8 August 1942, Rollwage flew his 300th combat mission and claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.Шаблон:Sfn His opponent may have been the Canadian fighter pilot George Beurling who managed to land his damaged aircraft.Шаблон:Sfn For his achievements to date, Rollwage was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Шаблон:Lang) on 10 August followed by the German Cross in Gold (Шаблон:Lang) two days later.Шаблон:Sfn Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch, II. Gruppe relocated to Tunis on 9 November.Шаблон:Sfn On 30 December, a number of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters escorted twelve Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers on their bombing mission to Gabès. 5. Staffel intercepted the formation and Rollwage claimed one of the P-38 fighters shot down, his 35th aerial victory.Шаблон:Sfn His opponent may have been Virgil Smith of the 14th Fighter Group, who was killed in the crash landing.Шаблон:Sfn

On 8 July 1943, the USAAF attacked Ramacca with 24 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Elements of II. Gruppe intercepted the bombers. During this aerial battle, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber shot down approximately Шаблон:Convert southwest of Capo Scaramia. The next day, the USAAF attacked the Luftwaffe airfield at Trapani with a formation of Martin B-26 Marauder bombers escorted by Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters. The formation was intercepted at 10:53. In this encounter, Luftwaffe pilots claimed seven aerial victories including a P-40 shot down by Rollwage Шаблон:Convert northwest of Cape San Vito.Шаблон:Sfn On 10 July during the Allied invasion of Sicily, Rollwage claimed two aerial victories, a P-38 fighter and a Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly observation aircraft. The YO-51 was likely misidentified and could have been a Vought OS2U Kingfisher observation floatplane launched form Шаблон:USS and piloted by Lieutenant McGuiness.Шаблон:Sfn Following this encounter, he was shot down and wounded in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 18242—factory number) near San Pietro.Шаблон:Sfn

Defense of the Reich

In mid-October 1943, II. Gruppe of JG 53 was withdrawn Italy and ordered to relocate to Wien-Seyring near Vienna for combat in defense of the Reich. In Wien-Seyring, the Gruppe received a full complement of factory new Bf 109 G-6 aircraft. Here, Rollwage returned to his unit in November after a period of convalescence following his injuries sustained on 10 July.Шаблон:Sfn On 7 January 1944, the USAAF targeted Vienna. The heavy bombers were escorted by P-38 fighters. II. Gruppe was scrambled at 10:41 and engaged the escorting P-38 fighters. In this 40 minute aerial battle, Luftwaffe pilots claimed 15 P-38s shot down, including two by Rollwage, taking his total to 49 aerial victories claimed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On 25 February during Operation Argument, also known as Big Week, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the ball bearing factories at Steyr. Defending against this attack, Rollwage shot down a B-17 bomber near Gmunden.Шаблон:Sfn

On 5 April, Rollwage was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Шаблон:Lang) for 53 aerial victories. He received the award from Generalleutnant Joseph Schmid, commanding 1. Jagdkorps.Шаблон:Sfn Rollwage was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 May 1944.Шаблон:Sfn On 27 May, the USAAF 3rd Bombardment Division sent 102 B-17 bombers to Strasbourg and further 98 B-17 bombers to the marshalling yard at Karlsruhe. Defending against attack, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber and an escorting North American P-51 Mustang fighter shot down.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 August, Rollwage was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 53. He succeeded Oberleutnant Karl Paashaus who was transferred.Шаблон:Sfn

In December 1944, Rollwage was transferred to II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 106 (JG 106—106th Fighter Wing), a fighter pilot training unit, where he served as an instructor.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 January 1945, Rollwagen, who was en-route to the Führerbunker in Berlin to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Шаблон:Lang) by Adolf Hitler, visited II. Gruppe of JG 53 then based at Rutesheim. The Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Major Julius Meimberg, advised Rollwage to be at his best behavior when meeting with Hitler. Apparently, Rollwage had a problem with military discipline.Шаблон:Sfn The Oak Leaves were awarded to him on 24 January, the 713th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.Шаблон:Sfn Rollwage claimed his last documented aerial victory on 5 April. At the time both II. Gruppe of JG 106 and II. Gruppe of JG 53 were both based at at Rißtissen, located approximately Шаблон:Convert southwest of Ulm. That day, Rollwage shot down a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter.Шаблон:Sfn

Later life

Following World War II, Rollwage served in the newly established German Air Force of West Germany with the rank of Hauptmann (captain) until his retirement in 1968. He died on 4 January 1980 in his hometown Gielde.Шаблон:Sfn

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Spick, Rollwage was credited with 102 aerial victories claimed in over 500 combat missions.Шаблон:Sfn Toliver and Constable also list him with 102 aerial victories, 11 on the Eastern Front, 20 in the Mediterranean theater and 71 on the Western Front, including 44 heavy bombers.Шаблон:Sfn Obermaier states that exact number of aerial victories remains unknown, likely to be in the range of 80 to 85, claimed in 664 combat missions.Шаблон:Sfn Scutts lists him with 71 aerial victories, including 12 on the Eastern Front.Шаблон:Sfn Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 66 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This number includes ten claims on the Eastern Front and 56 over the Western Allies, including ten four-engined bombers.Шаблон:Sfn Stockert speculates that the figure of 102 aerial victories stated by some authors is likely liked to the confusion between aerial victories claimed and the Luftwaffe point system associated to shooting down a heavy bomber.Шаблон:Sfn In 1943, the Luftwaffe had introduced a point system which accounted for the difficulties in shooting down a heavy bomber. Although a single heavy bomber shot down or damaged still counted as one aerial victory, the pilot was however credited with three points. These accumulated points earned a fighter pilot awards, medals and promotions.Шаблон:Sfn

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 15 Ost S/JA". The Luftwaffe grid map (Шаблон:Lang) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about Шаблон:Convert. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area Шаблон:Convert in size.Шаблон:Sfn

Chronicle of aerial victories
Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend
Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location	Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 4 October 1941
1	22 June 1941	05:57	SB-2	north of Raseiniai Шаблон:Sfn	6	27 August 1941	13:49	unspecified flying boat	northwest of SzaltzoШаблон:Sfn
2	11 July 1941	05:45	SB-3	east of SlavkovichiШаблон:Sfn	7	27 August 1941	17:14	unspecified passenger aircraft?Шаблон:Refn	north of Ivanskoye Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Center	16 July 1941	Шаблон:Center	SB-2		8?Шаблон:Refn	30 August 1941	05:09	I-16	southwest of SolugubovkaШаблон:Sfn
3	21 July 1941	21:03	SB-3	northeast of Dno Шаблон:Sfn	9	16 September 1941	10:31	Li-2	northeast of BabinoШаблон:Sfn
4	25 August 1941	16:40	I-18 (MiG-1)	south of NjetschanjeШаблон:Sfn	10	30 September 1941	13:08	I-180 (Yak-7)	east of TaksowoШаблон:Sfn
5	27 August 1941	13:48	unspecified flying boat	northwest of SzaltzoШаблон:Sfn	11	5 October 1941	06:32	I-16	northwest of Shlisselburg Шаблон:Sfn
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Mediterranean Theater — 25 November 1941 – 31 December 1942
12	4 January 1942	10:31	Hurricane	northwest of Maltas PointШаблон:Sfn	24	8 July 1942	11:32	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of Birżebbuġa Шаблон:Sfn
13	14 April 1942	17:05	Beaufort	Шаблон:Convert south of Qrendi Шаблон:Sfn	25	9 July 1942	19:25	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Dingli Шаблон:Sfn
14	14 April 1942	17:07	Beaufort	Шаблон:Convert south of QrendiШаблон:Sfn	26	14 July 1942	10:25	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert west of Żonqor Point Шаблон:Sfn
15	24 April 1942	07:43	Spitfire	west of Ta' VnezjaШаблон:Sfn	27	28 July 1942	08:54	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert northwest of Żonqor PointШаблон:Sfn
16	9 May 1942	11:05	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert southeast of Luqa Шаблон:Sfn	28	29 July 1942	10:11	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert east of MaltaШаблон:Sfn
17	10 May 1942	11:05	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of La Valletta Шаблон:Sfn	29	8 August 1942	10:02	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert north of La VallettaШаблон:Sfn
18	10 May 1942	19:04	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of La ValettaШаблон:Sfn	30	22 October 1942	16:28	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert east of MaltaШаблон:Sfn
19	13 May 1942	13:02	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert northwest of LuqaШаблон:Sfn	31	26 October 1942	12:14	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert northeast of La VallettaШаблон:Sfn
20	1 July 1942	14:04	Spitfire	St. Paul's Bay Шаблон:Sfn	32	12 December 1942	15:11	P-38	Шаблон:Convert northeast of LimaguessШаблон:Sfn
21	6 July 1942	07:37	Spitfire	southeast of Gozo Шаблон:Sfn	33	15 December 1942	08:41	P-38	Шаблон:Convert southeast of Skhira Шаблон:Sfn
22	6 July 1942	19:41	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert northeast of La VallettaШаблон:Sfn	34	17 December 1942	09:53	P-38	Шаблон:Convert southeast of Gafsa Шаблон:Sfn
23	7 July 1942	06:47	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert northeast of Żonqor PointШаблон:Sfn	35	30 December 1942	11:16	P-38	Шаблон:Convert northwest of Gabès Шаблон:Sfn
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Mediterranean Theater — 1 January – 10 July 1943
36	23 February 1943	13:05	Beaufort	Шаблон:Convert west of Trapani Шаблон:Sfn	42	4 July 1943	11:14	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert east of Catania Шаблон:Sfn
37	24 February 1943	12:10	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert west of El Aroussa Шаблон:Sfn	43	4 July 1943	14:18	B-26	Шаблон:Convert south of Gela Шаблон:Sfn
38	22 May 1943	18:35	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of GelaШаблон:Sfn	44	8 July 1943	12:28	B-17	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Ragusa Шаблон:Sfn
39	9 June 1943	12:58	B-24	Шаблон:Convert northwest of La VallettaШаблон:Sfn	45	9 July 1943	11:02	P-40	Шаблон:Convert northwest of Cape San Vito Шаблон:Sfn
40	13 June 1943	12:05	Spitfire	north of Mineo Шаблон:Sfn	46	10 July 1943	10:37	P-38	Шаблон:Convert southwest of GelaШаблон:Sfn
41	20 June 1943	10:47	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of Cap PasseroШаблон:Sfn	47	10 July 1943	10:39	YO-51	Шаблон:Convert south of GelaШаблон:Sfn
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Defense of the Reich — 1 January – 6 June 1944
48	7 January 1944	12:29	P-38	Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Graz Шаблон:Sfn	56	11 April 1944	11:56	B-17*	PQ 15 Ost S/JA, Goslar Шаблон:Sfn
49	7 January 1944	12:32	P-38	Шаблон:Convert southwest of GrazШаблон:Sfn	57	13 April 1944	13:58	B-17	southeast of Aschaffenburg Шаблон:Sfn
50?^{[Note 1]}	22 February 1944	13:20	B-24*	Altötting Шаблон:Sfn	58	19 April 1944	10:35	B-17	PQ 05 Ost S/LU-5/6Шаблон:Sfn south of Münden, east of Kassel
51?^{[Note 1]}	24 February 1944	13:05	B-17	Шаблон:Convert north of Gmunden Шаблон:Sfn	59	12 May 1944	15:29	B-17	Шаблон:Convert southeast of Koblenz Шаблон:Sfn
52	23 March 1944	10:31	B-17*	PQ 15 Ost S/HA-3, southwest of Braunschweig Шаблон:Sfn	60	27 May 1944	12:21	P-51	PQ 04 Ost S/CO/CN, south of Lunéville Шаблон:Sfn 270° from Rambervillers
53?^{[Note 1]}	2 April 1944	11:28	B-17	Шаблон:Convert north of Zeltweg Шаблон:Sfn	61	27 May 1944	12:30	B-17	PQ 04 Ost S/BQ-9, Offenburg Шаблон:Sfn
54?^{[Note 1]}	8 April 1944	13:55	B-24	Шаблон:Convert north-northwest of Fallersleben Шаблон:Sfn	62	29 May 1944	12:05	B-17	PQ 15 Ost S/JE/JFШаблон:Sfn Dessau
55	11 April 1944	11:08	B-17	PQ 15 Ost S/GC, Haldensleben Шаблон:Sfn Halberstadt-Quedlinburg
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Invasion Front in France — 6 June – 31 December 1944
63	8 June 1944	10:43	B-26	Шаблон:Convert northeast of Cherbourg Шаблон:Sfn off Barfleur	67	28 September 1944	17:28?Шаблон:Refn	P-47	Шаблон:Convert west of Haguenau Шаблон:Sfn north of Sarrebourg
64	17 June 1944	16:15	P-47	Шаблон:Convert northeast of Carentan Шаблон:Sfn	68	28 September 1944	17:38	P-47	PQ 04 Ost N/AP-7, Шаблон:Convert southeast of Nancy Шаблон:Sfn St Nichlas southwest of Nancy
65	22 August 1944	19:33	P-38	Шаблон:Convert northwest of Saint-Quentin Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Péronne	69	20 October 1944	10:48	P-47	PQ 04 Ost N/CP-2, Schirmeck Шаблон:Sfn southwest of Strasbourg
66	23 August 1944	09:31	P-47	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Mantes-la-Jolie Шаблон:Sfn	70	25 November 1944	12:45	Piper L-4	PQ 04 Ost N/AQ-7, north of Mommenheim Шаблон:Sfn Haguenau
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –Шаблон:Sfn Defense of the Reich — March – May 1945
71	5 April 1945	06:30	P-47Шаблон:Sfn

Awards

Iron Cross (1939)
- 2nd Class (5 July 1941)Шаблон:Sfn
- 1st Class (16 September 1941)Шаблон:Sfn
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 10 August 1942 as Oberfeldwebel and pilotШаблон:Sfn
German Cross in Gold on 12 December 1942 as Oberfeldwebel in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 53Шаблон:Sfn
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 6 April 1944 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 53Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn
- 713th Oak Leaves on 24 January 1945 as Leutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 5./Jagdgeschwader 53Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Top German World War II Aces Шаблон:Subject bar

Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «Note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="Note"/>

[Note 1]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.