Английская Википедия:Heritiera littoralis

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Heritiera littoralis, commonly known as the looking-glass mangrove or tulip mangrove, is a mangrove tree in the family Malvaceae native to coastal areas of eastern Africa, Asia, Melanesia and northern Australia. The common name refers to the silvery appearance of the underside of the leaves, resembling a mirror to some degree. The strong timber has uses in marine applications and elsewhere.

Description

Файл:Heritiera littoralis at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111725.jpg

Heritiera littoralis at Malaysia.

Heritiera littoralis is an evergreen tree growing up to Шаблон:Cvt in height with very prominent, sinuous buttress roots that may be up to Шаблон:Cvt tall.Шаблон:R It is usually low-branching and the crown is untidy-looking with gnarled branches.Шаблон:R The trunk is light grey or grey-brown in appearance, smooth when young but developing vertical fissures as it ages.Шаблон:R

The leaves are spirally arranged on the branches and varyingly measure from Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:R up to Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:R with a petiole up to Шаблон:Cvt long. They are oblong-elliptical to ovate-elliptical, dark green on the upper surface and the undersides are silvery-white to light brown due to the presence of stellate scales.Шаблон:R

The inflorescences are axillary panicles, and as this species is monoecious, they bear both pistillate (functionally female) and staminate (functionally male) flowers on the same plant.Шаблон:R The flowers have a fused perianth tube with usually 5 teeth and are bell-shaped (hence the common name Tulip oak). They are greenish-pink or dull purple, around Шаблон:Cvt wide and long.Шаблон:R

The fruit is a flattened, ellipsoid, indehiscent, brown woody pod which is derived from the carpel, and contains a single seed. It has a distinctive oblique keel on the uppermost side and measures up to Шаблон:Cvt long by Шаблон:Cvt wide.Шаблон:R The fruit can float for several weeks and so is able to take advantage of tides, currents and winds to aid in its dispersal.Шаблон:R

Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in 1789, who at the time was the director of the botanical garden at Kew. The description was published in the third volume of his work Hortus Kewensis, in which he also raised the genus Heritiera.Шаблон:R

Subspecies

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility recognises two infraspecies, Heritiera littoralis subsp. littoralis, and Heritiera littoralis subsp. fischeri,Шаблон:R while Plants of the World Online does not recognise any.Шаблон:R

Etymology

The genus name Heritiera was given in honour of the French botanist Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle. The species epithet litoralis means "by the sea" in reference to the habitat of this plant.Шаблон:R

Vernacular names

Regional common names for the tree include:Шаблон:R Шаблон:Columns-list

Distribution and habitat

Heritiera littoralis's natural range is eastern Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, Melanesia and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia.Шаблон:R It grows in the landward edges of mangrove forests and along riverine forests at elevations close to sea level.Шаблон:R

Ecology

This species is host for the larvae of a number of lepidopterans including: Arhopala micale, Arhopala pseudocentaurus, Assara seminivale, Hymenoptychis sordida and Synnympha perfrenis.Шаблон:R

Uses

The tree is harvested for timber and is valued for its toughness, durability, and resistance to saltwater. It is commonly used in shipbuilding and for pilings, bridges, wharves, furniture and housing. When sufficiently straight and high, the trunk has been used for ship's masts.Шаблон:R

The fruit of species in the genus is used in Philippine cuisine to neutralize the fishy taste in kinilaw, a local dish of raw fish in vinegar or citrus juices. Another species used this way is the fruits of the tabon-tabon tree (Atuna excelsa subsp. racemosa, syn. Atuna racemosa).Шаблон:R

The plant is widely used by localsШаблон:Where and alternative medicinesШаблон:Incomprehensible inline to treat diabetes, hepatic illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases, which is a sign that it has applications in traditional folk medicine. Several researchesШаблон:Who have revealed that the plant possesses significant anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antinociceptive activities. Studies in phytochemistry have led to the discovery of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, phytosterols, and reducing sugars.Шаблон:Cn

H. littoralis extracts are used to treat dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves and stems were traditionally used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Fish poison, arrowhead poison, and spearhead poison are just a few of the several poisons that have been discovered in the sap. In the Nicobar and Andaman islands, the plant's leaves and seeds are regarded as edible. Twigs can also be used to wash teeth and make chewing gum.Шаблон:R

Gallery

• Foliage

  Foliage

• Flowers

  Flowers

• Foliage, flowers and unripe fruit

  Foliage, flowers and unripe fruit

• Файл:Keeled-pod mangrove (Heritiera littoralis) leaves ruled.jpg
• Buttress roots

  Buttress roots

• Green fruit

  Green fruit

• Ripened fruit

  Ripened fruit

• Foliage

  Foliage

External links

• Шаблон:Wikispecies-inline
• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• View a map of recorded sightings of Heritiera littoralis at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• View observations of this species on iNaturalist
• See images of Heritiera littoralis on Flickriver