Английская Википедия:Hero of Alexandria
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox scientist
Hero of Alexandria (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, Hērōn hò Alexandreús, also known as Heron of Alexandria Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Fl 60 AD) was a Greco-Roman mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria in Egypt during the Roman era. He is often considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity[1] and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.[2]
Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (sometimes called a "Hero engine"). Among his most famous inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land.[3][4] He is said to have been a follower of the atomists. In his work Mechanics, he described pantographs.[5] Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.
In mathematics he is mostly remembered for Heron's formula, a way to calculate the area of a triangle using only the lengths of its sides.
Much of Hero's original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved including in manuscripts from the Eastern Roman Empire and to a lesser extent, in Latin or Arabic translations.
Life and career
Hero's ethnicity may have been either Greek[1] or Hellenized Egyptian.[6] It is almost certain that Hero taught at the Musaeum which included the famous Library of Alexandria, because most of his writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics. Although the field was not formalized until the twentieth century, it is thought that the work of Hero, in particular his automated devices, represented some of the first formal research into cybernetics.[7]
Inventions
Hero described[8] the construction of the aeolipile (a version of which is known as Hero's engine) which was a rocket-like reaction engine and the first-recorded steam engine (although Vitruvius mentioned the aeolipile in De Architectura some 100 years earlier than Hero). It was described almost two millennia before the industrial revolution. Another engine used air from a closed chamber heated by an altar fire to displace water from a sealed vessel; the water was collected and its weight, pulling on a rope, opened temple doors.[9] Some historians have conflated the two inventions to assert that the aeolipile was capable of useful work, which is not entirely false, air containing a trace of water vapor.Шаблон:What? However, this engine is far from a pure aeolipile.[10]
- The first vending machine was also one of his constructions; when a coin was introduced via a slot on the top of the machine, it dispensed a set amount of water for ablutions. This was included in his list of inventions in his book Mechanics and Optics. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.[11]
- A wind-wheel operating an organ, marking the first instance in history of wind powering a machine.[3][4]
- Hero also invented many mechanisms for the Greek theatre, including an entirely mechanical play almost ten minutes in length, powered by a binary-like system of ropes, knots, and simple machines operated by a rotating cylindrical cogwheel. The sound of thunder was produced by the mechanically-timed dropping of metal balls onto a hidden drum.
- The force pump was widely used in the Roman world, and one application was in a fire engine.
- A syringe-like device was described by Hero to control the delivery of air or liquids.[12]
- In optics, Hero formulated the principle of the shortest path of light: If a ray of light propagates from point A to point B within the same medium, the path-length followed is the shortest possible. It was nearly 1,000 years later that Alhacen expanded the principle to both reflection and refraction, and the principle was later stated in this form by Pierre de Fermat in 1662; the most modern form is that the optical path is stationary.
- A stand-alone fountain that operates under self-contained hydro-static energy; now called Heron's fountain.
- A cart that was powered by a falling weight and strings wrapped around the drive axle.[13]
- Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. Hero knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.[14] The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.
- A self-filling wine bowl, using a float valve.[15]
Mathematics
Hero described a method, now known as Heron's method, for iteratively computing the square root of a number.[16] Today, however, his name is most closely associated with Heron's formula for finding the area of a triangle from its side lengths. He also devised a method for calculating cube roots.[17] He also designed a shortest path algorithm, that is, given two points A and B on one side of a line, find C a point on the straight line that minimizes AC+BC.
In solid geometry, the Heronian mean may be used in finding the volume of a frustum of a pyramid or cone.
Cultural references
- In Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 novel Childhood's End, a model of the turbine is present in the Earth exhibit of the Overlords' museum of alien cultures.
- A 1979 Soviet animated short film focuses on Hero's invention of the aeolipile, showing him as a plain craftsman who invented the turbine accidentally.[18]
Bibliography
The most comprehensive edition of Hero's works was published in five volumes in Leipzig by the publishing house Teubner in 1903.
Works known to have been written by Hero include:
- Pneumatica (Πνευματικά), a description of machines working on air, steam or water pressure, including the hydraulis or water organ[19]
- Automata, a description of machines which enable wonders in banquets and possibly also theatrical contexts by mechanical or pneumatical means (e.g. automatic opening or closing of temple doors, statues that pour wine and milk, etc.)[20]
- Mechanica, preserved only in Arabic, written for architects, containing means to lift heavy objects
- Metrica, a description of how to calculate surfaces and volumes of diverse objects
- On the Dioptra, a collection of methods to measure lengths, a work in which the odometer and the dioptra, an apparatus which resembles the theodolite, are described
- Belopoeica, a description of war machines
- Catoptrica, about the progression of light, reflection and the use of mirrors
Works that sometimes have been attributed to Hero, but are now thought most likely to have been written by someone else:[21]
- Geometrica, a collection of equations based on the first chapter of Metrica
- Stereometrica, examples of three-dimensional calculations based on the second chapter of Metrica
- Mensurae, tools which can be used to conduct measurements based on Stereometrica and Metrica
- Cheiroballistra, about catapults
- Definitiones, containing definitions of terms for geometry
Works that are preserved only in fragments:
- Geodesia
- Geoponica
Publications
See also
- Abdaraxus, an ancient Alexandrian engineer[22]
- Heronian triangle
References
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikisourcelang Шаблон:EB1911 poster
- Webpage about Hero by The Technology Museum of Thessaloniki
- Heron biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
- Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- Heron of Alexandria in online Encyclopædia Britannica
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images preserved at The Internet Archive
- Шаблон:Cite NIE
- Reconstruction of Heron’s Formulas for Calculating the Volume of Vessels
- Spiritali di Herone Alessandrino From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress
- Automata Critical edition, with translation and partial commentary by Francesco Grillo (PhD thesis, Univ. of Glasgow, 2019)
- The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, from the Original Greek. Tr. and ed. by Bennet Woodcroft From the Collections at the Library of Congress
- Scans of Wilhelm Schmidt's Teubner edition of Hero at wilbourhall.org
- Also includes a scan of a 1905 dissertation on Hero by Rudolph Meier
Шаблон:Ancient Greek mathematics
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Marie Boas, "Hero's Pneumatica: A Study of Its Transmission and Influence", Isis, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Feb., 1949), p. 38 and supra
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (10f.)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, Шаблон:Isbn: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ For example: Шаблон:Cite book and Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book, pp. 66–67
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ * Шаблон:Citation
- The above citation embeds a video using Flash Player, which fewer devices support over time. The same video is also available at this URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyQIo9iS_z0
- ↑ T.D. McGee (1988) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Grove
- ↑ On the main translations of the treatise, including Bernardino Baldi's 1589 translation into Italian, see now the discussion in Francesco Grillo (2019). Hero of Alexandria's Automata. A Critical Edition and Translation, Including a Commentary on Book One, PhD thesis, Univ. of Glasgow, pp. xxviii–xli.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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