Английская Википедия:Heroes' Acre (Namibia)
Heroes' Acre is an official war memorial of the Republic of Namibia. Built into the uninhabited hills Шаблон:Convert south of the city centre of Windhoek, Heroes' Acre opened on 26 August 2002. It was created to "foster a spirit of patriotism and nationalism, and to pass [this] to the future generations of Namibia".[1]
The memorial was designed and built by Mansudae Overseas Projects, a North Korean firm.[2] It is one of four major public works Mansudae constructed in Namibia, the other three being Okahandja Military Museum, a new State House and the Independence Memorial Museum.[2]
Location and description
The Heroes' Acre monument is situated south of Windhoek on the B1 national road to Rehoboth. It is built as a symmetric polygon with a marble obelisk and a bronze statue of the Unknown Soldier at its centre. The site contains parade grounds and a grandstand for 5000 people. The burial site consists of 174 tombs, not all of which are Шаблон:As of occupied.[3]
Honored heroes
At inauguration nine national heroes and heroines were identified. For each of them a tombstone with name and picture has been erected, although they are not buried here. The nine national heroes are:[4]
- Kahimemua Nguvauva (1850–1896), Chief of the Ovambanderu, was wounded May 1896 in the Battle of Sturmfeld and after his surrender executed by the Germans[5]
- Nehale Lya Mpingana (died 1908), King of Ondonga, defeated the settlers of the Dorsland Trek in 1886, and German colonial forces at Fort Namutoni in 1904[4]
- Samuel Maharero (1856–1923), Paramount Chief of the Herero people, led the uprisings against German colonialism that resulted in the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907[4]
- Hendrik Witbooi (1830–1905), chief of the ǀKhowesin and fighter against the colonial oppression of the German Empire in German South West Africa[6]
- Jacob Morenga (1875–1907), used the fortress of ǁKhauxaǃnas to wage a guerrilla war against the Schutztruppe of Imperial Germany[7]
- Mandume Ya Ndemufayo (1894–1917), last king of the Kwanyama, led his people into battles with South African colonial forces[8]
- Iipumbu Ya Tshilongo (1875–1959), King of the Uukwambi and strong nationalist, resisted European cultural influence exercised via the establishment of mission stations and administrative outposts[4]
- Anna Mungunda (1910s–1959), protester against the forced eviction from Windhoek's Old Location in 1959. Set the car of a high-ranking administrator alight and was shot dead in response.[9]
- Hosea Kutako (1870–1970), Paramount Chief of the Herero and petitioner to the United Nations for an independent Namibia[10]
Others
In later years, several additional people have been declared national heroes, and buried here. These are:
- Dimo Hamaambo (1932–2002), served as the second commander of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia[11]
- Maxton Joseph Mutongulume (1932–2004), founding member of the Ovamboland People's Congress and long-term SWAPO functionary and Central Committee member[12]
- Markus Kooper (1918–2005), petitioner to the United Nations[13]
- Mose Penaani Tjitendero (1943–2006), first speaker of National Assembly[14]
- Richard Kapelwa Kabajani (1943–2007), former cabinet minister and ambassador to Cuba[15]
- John Pandeni (1950–2008), prisoner of Robben Island and later Namibian Minister[16]
- Peter Tsheehama (1941–2010), People's Liberation Army of Namibia commander and Chief of Namibian Intelligence[17]
- John ya Otto Nankudhu (1933–2011), People's Liberation Army of Namibia commander and Robben Island inmate[18]
- Frederick Matongo (1946 or 1947–2013) Lieutenant Colonel of the Namibian Defence Force, early participant of the Namibian War of Independence against apartheid South Africa[19]
- Andrew Intamba (1947–2014), first director of the Namibia Central Intelligence Service, and Namibian ambassador to Egypt[20]
- Mzee Kaukungwa (1919–2014), veteran of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia and founding member of SWAPO.
- Gerson Veii (1939–2015), founding member of the South West Africa National Union (SWANU). Veii is the first opposition party member to be accorded a hero's burial[21]
- Hidipo Hamutenya (1939–2016), former cabinet minister, long-time leading member of SWAPO, founder of RDP.
- Andimba Toivo ya Toivo (1924–2017), anti-apartheid activist, politician and political prisoner. Founding member of SWAPO.
- Theo-Ben Gurirab (1938–2018), former Prime Minister, former Speaker of the National Assembly, veteran diplomat of SWAPO.
There are further National Heroes of Namibia without any connection to Heroe's Acre, namely:[22]
Seven veterans of the Namibian liberation struggle were reburied on Heroes' Acre in 2014:[24][25]
- Peter Nanyemba
- Walde Homateni Timoteus Kaluenya
- Isak "Pondo" Shikongo
- Natalia Ndahambelela Shikangala Mavulu
- Augustus "McNamara" Nghaamwa
- Putuse Appolus
- Lineekela Kalenga
On 26 August 2015, Namibia's Heroes' Day, three more veterans were reburied on Heroes' Acre:[26]
Construction controversy
Mansudae Overseas Projects, a company from North Korea was given a N$60 million contract from Namibia to build the Шаблон:Convert monument. The contract was awarded without any competitive tendering process, and eventually the construction cost doubled.[3] The non-transparent contracting of foreign manual labour has been criticised by corruption watchdog insight Namibia.[27]
The memorial has been described as "monstrous" and its erection was speculated to "reveal a lack of African self-confidence". The statue of the Unknown Soldier resembles the physical features of Sam Nujoma,[3] Namibia's founding president and ultimately the initiator of its erection.[1]
In May 2005, a report in The Namibian noted that Heroes Acre was "already showing signs of decay". In particular, a bronze statue of a soldier had suffered damage, as had the plinth on which it stood. Some of the gold-coloured letters forming an inscription on the plinth were broken or missing, and the letters were "made of a cement-like substance, which had been painted gold and then glued to the plinth".[28]
See also
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Windhoek City Council: Шаблон:Webarchive What to see, National Monuments in Windhoek
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Order out of Chaos: Mandume Ya Ndemufayo and Oral History by Patrica Hayes in the Journal of Southern African Studies, 19.1, March 1993]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Markus Kooper: Death of a Hero New Era via allafrica.com, 19 December 2005
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Christof Maletzky: Richard Kabajani passes away The Namibian, 21 May 2007
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Remains of heroes to be repatriated
- ↑ Remains of gallant fighters laid to rest at the Shrine of the Heroes' Acres. SWAPO party, retrieved 23 September 2017
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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