Английская Википедия:Herrerasauridae

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Herrerasauridae is a family of carnivorous dinosaurs, possibly basal to either theropods or even all of saurischians, or even their own branching from Dracohors, separate from Dinosauria altogether. They are among the oldest known dinosaurs, first appearing in the fossil record around 233.23 million years ago (the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic), before becoming extinct by the end of the Carnian stage. Herrerasaurids were relatively small-sized dinosaurs, normally no more than Шаблон:Convert long, although the holotype specimen of "Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis" (nowadays considered a synonym of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis) is thought to have reached around 6 meters (20 ft) long. The best known representatives of this group are from South America (Brazil, Argentina), where they were first discovered in the 1930s in relation to Staurikosaurus and 1960s in relation to Herrerasaurus. A nearly complete skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis was discovered in the Ischigualasto Formation in San Juan, Argentina, in 1988. Less complete possible herrerasaurids have been found in North America and Africa, and they may have inhabited other continents as well.

Herrerasaurid anatomy is unusual and specialized, and they are not considered to be ancestral to any later dinosaur group. They only superficially resemble theropods and often present a mixture of very primitive and derived traits. The acetabulum is only partly open, and there are only two sacral vertebrae, the lowest number among dinosaurs. The pubic bone has a derived structure, being rotated somewhat posteriorly and folded to create a superficially tetanuran-like terminal expansion, especially prominent in H. ischigulastensis. The hand is primitive in having five metacarpals and the third finger longer than the second, but resembles those of theropods in having only three long fingers, with curved claws. Herrerasaurids also have a hinged mandible, which is also found in theropods.

Classification

Файл:Staurikosaurus-mingau.png

Reconstruction of Staurikosaurus

It is not clear where herrerasaurids lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree. They are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians. Early researchers even proposed that they represented an early lineage of sauropodomorphs. Some analyses, such as Nesbitt et al. 2009, have found Herrerasaurus and its relatives in Herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods, while others (such as Ezcurra 2010) have found them to be basal to the clade Eusaurischia, that is, closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs, but not true members of either. The situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late Triassic beds bearing land animals.

Other proposed members of the clade have included Sanjuansaurus from the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, Staurikosaurus and Gnathovorax from the Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil, Chindesaurus from the Petrified Forest (Chinle Formation) of Arizona, and possibly Caseosaurus from the Dockum Formation of Texas, although the relationships of the North American animals are not fully understood, and not all paleontologists agree. Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Stephen L. Brusatte et al. (2014) described a European putative member of the group on the basis of Norian age fossils discovered in Poland. An unnamed herresaurid was reported from the Carnian Pebbly Arkose Formation in Zimbabwe by Griffin et al. (2022). Other possible basal saurischians include Alwalkeria from the Late Triassic Maleri Formation of southern India, and Teyuwasu (recently considered synonym of Staurikosaurus), known from very fragmentary remains from the Late Triassic of Brazil.

The discovery of the Herrerasaurid Gnathovorax indicates that the family falls outside the Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha in the cladistic analysis undertaken on the genus when it was described, but remains squarely within Saurischia as basal members of the order. An unnamed herrerasaurid from the Carnian of Brazil was described and possibly belongs to a new morphotype of relatively large proportions, informally known as the "Big Saturnalia". In the phylogenetic analysis within this study, herrerasaurids are recovered as non-eusaurischian saurischians.

Phylogeny

Fernando Novas (1992) defined Herrerasauridae as Herrerasaurus, Staurikosaurus, and their most recent common ancestor. Paul Sereno (1998) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including H. ischigualastensis but not Passer domesticus. Langer (2004) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon, Herrerasauria, as Herrerasaurus but not Liliensternus or Plateosaurus. According to current phylogenetic studies, all of these definitions describe the same clade.

The first cladogram presented follows one proposed analysis by Novas et al. in May 2011. In this review, Herrerasaurus is found to be a basal saurischian, but not a theropod. The second cladogram is based on an analysis by Sues et al. in April 2011. This review classified Herrerasaurus as a basal theropod.

A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) found Herrerasauridae within the clade Saurischia, as the sister group to Sauropodomorpha. This was the result of the removal of Theropoda from Saurischia and its placement next to Ornithischia within the newly created clade Ornithoscelida.

Baron & Williams (2018) found Herrerasauria (including Daemonosaurus, Caseosaurus and Saltopus) outside Dinosauria. A similar result was provided by the phylogenetic analysis by Cau, 2018:

Шаблон:Clade Novas et al., 2021 revised the fossil record of South American early dinosaurs and supported that Herrerasauria is part of Saurischia but diverging earlier than both Sauropodomorpha or Theropoda, and further corroborated with the hypothesis that Chindesaurus, Daemonosaurus and Tawa are members of the clade.

Timeline of genera

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-251.9 till:-201 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-251 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-251 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify

Colors =

#legends
 id:CAR	  value:claret
 id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
 id:HER	  value:teal
 id:HAD	  value:green
 id:OMN	  value:blue
 id:black        value:black
 id:white        value:white
 id:mesozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
 id:triassic     value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57) 
 id:earlytriassic     value:rgb(0.6,0.22,0.61) 
 id:middletriassic     value:rgb(0.73,0.53,0.71) 
 id:latetriassic     value:rgb(0.78,0.65,0.8) 
 id:jurassic     value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) 
 id:earlyjurassic     value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) 
 id:middlejurassic     value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) 
 id:latejurassic     value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) 
 id:cretaceous   value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31)
 id:earlycretaceous   value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65)
 id:latecretaceous   value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37)

BarData=

bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM5

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
shift:(7,-4)
 
bar:periodtop
from: -251.9   till:  -251.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Ind.
from: -251.2   till:  -247.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Olenekian
from: -247.2   till:  -242    color:middletriassic  text:Anisian 
from: -242   till:  -237    color:middletriassic  text:Ladinian 
from: -237   till:  -227    color:latetriassic  text:Carnian            
from: -227   till:  -208.5    color:latetriassic  text:Norian 
from: -208.5   till:  -201.3    color:latetriassic  text:Rhaetian 
from: -201.3   till:  -201    color:earlyjurassic

bar:eratop
from: -251.9   till:  -247.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Early Triassic
from: -247.2   till:  -237    color:middletriassic  text:Middle Triassic 
from: -237   till:  -201.3    color:latetriassic  text:Late Triassic 
from: -201.3   till:  -201    color:earlyjurassic

PlotData=

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:middletriassic bar:NAM1  from:-233.43    till:-233.23 text:Gnathovorax
color:middletriassic bar:NAM4  from:-233.43    till:-233.23 text:Staurikosaurus
color:middletriassic bar:NAM3  from:-231.6    till:-231.4 text:Sanjuansaurus
color:middletriassic bar:NAM2  from:-231.4    till:-228.91 text:Herrerasaurus
color:latetriassic bar:NAM5  from:-221.5    till:-212 text:Caseosaurus

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -251.9   till:  -251.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Ind.
from: -251.2   till:  -247.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Olenekian
from: -247.2   till:  -242    color:middletriassic  text:Anisian 
from: -242   till:  -237    color:middletriassic  text:Ladinian 
from: -237   till:  -227    color:latetriassic  text:Carnian            
from: -227   till:  -208.5    color:latetriassic  text:Norian 
from: -208.5   till:  -201.3    color:latetriassic  text:Rhaetian
from: -201.3   till:  -201    color:earlyjurassic

 bar:era
from: -251.9   till:  -247.2    color:earlytriassic  text:Early Triassic
from: -247.2   till:  -237    color:middletriassic  text:Middle Triassic 
from: -237   till:  -201.3    color:latetriassic  text:Late Triassic 
from: -201.3   till:  -201    color:earlyjurassic

</timeline>