Английская Википедия:Herzog
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Royal and noble ranks Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de; feminine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-de; masculine plural Шаблон:Lang; feminine plural Шаблон:Lang) is a German hereditary title held by one who rules a territorial duchy, exercises feudal authority over an estate called a duchy, or possesses a right by law or tradition to be referred to by the ducal title. The word is usually translated by the English duke and the Latin dux. Generally, a Шаблон:Lang ranks below a king and above a Шаблон:Lang ('count').[1] Whether the title is deemed higher or lower than titles translated into English as prince (Шаблон:Lang) is dependent upon the language, country, and era in which the titles coexisted.
History
Шаблон:Lang is not related to Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit), but is derived from the Middle High German Шаблон:Lang meaning 'army' and Шаблон:Lang meaning 'to move' or 'to pull' (related to the modern English verb tug), a military leader (compare to Slavic voivode). Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are roots of the modern German words Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang of the same meanings (also: Шаблон:Lang, 'to go into battle'). It may have originated from the Proto-Germanic Harjatugô, a warrior who was elected to be a battle leader by their tribes. Thus, Шаблон:Lang was a title borne by Germanic warriors who exercised military authority over a tribe by general acclaim among its members or warriors,[1] especially in the stem duchies.
During the medieval era, some of the most powerful vassals whose territories lay within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire took or were granted the title of Шаблон:Lang by the Holy Roman Emperor. Several dynasties, such as the Habsburgs of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Prussia, Welfs of Hanover, Wettins of Saxony, Wittelsbachs of Bavaria, and the House of Württemberg, held the Шаблон:Lang ('dukedom') before becoming kings.
Although a Шаблон:Lang ranked below a Шаблон:Lang ('prince-elector') within the Empire, he also belonged by hereditary right to the Шаблон:Lang ('Chamber of Princes,' Шаблон:Lit) within the Шаблон:Lang, exercised Шаблон:Lang within his imperial state, and enjoyed Шаблон:Lang within the Empire. Therefore, Шаблон:Lang were regarded as members of the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit) whose families inter-married with sovereign dynasties outside as well as within the Empire. They ranked as royalty, distinct from nobles who were subject to a lesser suzerain than the Emperor.
Occasionally, the Emperor conferred the title of Шаблон:Lang on a nobleman who was not necessarily a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and did not rule a duchy. Such a person ranked only as a Шаблон:Lang ('duke-by-title') of the German non-reigning nobility.
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Herzogskrone, the heraldic crown of a Шаблон:Lang
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Herzogshut, the ducal hat of a Шаблон:Lang
Current usage
Шаблон:Lang is the root of many words of the same meaning in other Germanic languages, including Danish and Norwegian Шаблон:Lang, Dutch and Afrikaans Шаблон:Lang, Icelandic Шаблон:Lang, Luxembourgish Шаблон:Lang, and Swedish Шаблон:Lang.
Шаблон:Lang was borrowed into other European language families with the chief meaning of the word being 'duke,' for example, by Balto-Slavic languages such as Belarusian hiercah (Шаблон:Lang), the Eastern Herzegovinian dialects herceg (Шаблон:Lang; e.g. Herzegovina), Bulgarian khertsog (Шаблон:Lang), Latvian Шаблон:Lang, Lithuanian Шаблон:Lang, and Russian gertsog (Шаблон:Lang); by Finno-Ugric languages such as Estonian Шаблон:Lang, Finnish Шаблон:Lang, and Hungarian Шаблон:Lang; and by Kartvelian languages such as Georgian herts’ogi (Шаблон:Lang).
The semantic equivalent of Шаблон:Lang in Slavic languages is Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, where Шаблон:Nowrap means 'army' and Шаблон:Nowrap means 'to lead' or 'to guide.' Both the Germanic and Slavic terms are used for place names within the Slavic-speaking world, as with the historical region of Herzegovina in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and the autonomous province of Vojvodina in Serbia.
Herzog is not uncommon as a surname in German-speaking countries. The surname does not indicate an aristocratic origin, much like the family name King in English does not indicate royal ancestry. Among notable people with this surname, most are born of Swiss or German origin. A number are Israeli and many are Jewish.
See also
References
