Английская Википедия:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

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Файл:Jan Amor Tarnowski.PNG
Jan Tarnowski
Файл:Stefan Czarniecki 1.PNG
Stefan Czarniecki
Файл:Mikałaj Radzivił Rudy. Мікалай Радзівіл Руды (XVIII).jpg
Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
Файл:Jan Zamoyski.PNG
Jan Zamoyski
Файл:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 1.PNG
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Файл:Stanisław Żółkiewski 11.PNG
Stanisław Żółkiewski
Файл:Januš Radzivił. Януш Радзівіл (B. Strobel, 1634).jpg
Janusz Radziwiłł
Файл:Stanisław Koniecpolski.PNG
Stanisław Koniecpolski
Файл:Stanisław Rewera Potocki.PNG
Stanisław Rewera Potocki
Файл:Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg
John III Sobieski
Файл:Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski.PNG
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski
Файл:03-NI-033408002 1297342591247.jpg
Stanisław Jabłonowski
Файл:Jan Klemens Branicki. Ян Клемэнс Браніцкі (L. Silvestre, 1735).jpg
Jan Klemens Branicki

Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Шаблон:Lang-lt) were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury.

Field and Great Hetmans

From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in the Crown: a Field Hetman and a Great Hetman (sometimes translated as Grand Hetman). As a result, there were in total four hetman titles: Great Crown Hetman, Field Crown Hetman, Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman. During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, the Grand Crown Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander-in-chief if the war actions ran along the borders of the Grand Duchy and vice versa.

Grand Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital involving themselves in politics, guarding the interests of the army and planning campaigns.

Polish Field Hetman was subordinates of Grand Hetman and when on the same battlefield commanded the mercenaries and artillery. During peace they usually were deployed on the eastern and southern borders of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of the Ottoman Empire and its vassals. Field Hetman were also called Frontier Hetman, since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced.

Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke, while Land Hetman commanded militia. Later this difference disappeared and they were renamed Field and Great Hetmans accordingly. Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control on army under his command and wasn't subordinated to the Great Hetman.

For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman, but it never gained much influence.

Responsibilities and privileges

Hetman's competences and privileges, first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for Jan Tarnowski included:

  • planning and carrying out of military campaigns
  • enlistment and organisation of professional army (wojsko kwarciane) and mercenaries
  • supervision of registered Cossacks and atamans, who were chosen by hetmans for two-year terms
  • nomination and promotion of officers at will
  • choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from (that could become a severe burden of cities/nobles that were disliked by a hetman)
  • supervising the flow of the army's finances (including the soldiers' wages)
  • full control over military judiciary (with capital punishment during wars), they could also issue laws and regulations for the army (known as hetman's articles)
  • hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation
  • hetmans had certain competencies in foreign policy, they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia, Crimean Khanate and Wallachia. It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital (Kraków, later Warsaw)

The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court, the royal guard, units equipped by the cities and towns, or private individuals, although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy, although the Polish Navy was always of very limited importance. Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy (pospolite ruszenie), but they could give orders to the regimentars who commanded it.

While hetmans were considered to be among the highest-ranking officials in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate or Sejm, unless they held another office that automatically carried with it a seat or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta during sejmiks. Each hetman received a hetman's ceremonial mace, the bulawa, as the symbol of his position (it was added to his coat of arms). Less common was a horse-tail ensign and hetman's sign.

In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state (Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian voivodeships (see Treaty of Hadiach).

The reforms of 1776, stimulated by the first Partition of Poland, limited the powers of the hetmans.

Hetman's aides

A hetman's chief aides and officers included:

  • pisarz polny – field chancellor, responsible for the archives, chancery, finances, accounting of people, equipment and fortifications, and paying soldiers' wages
  • straznik – guardian; security; supervised the scout forces during movement and camping and commanded the front guard (however, if both hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guardian (Polish: Wielki Straznik)).
  • obozny – camp leader; camp and transport organisation; responsible for choosing a suitable camping place for an army, setting up the camp, logistics and security inside the encampment.
  • szpitalny – medic; medical services
  • profos – military juridiciary
  • brabanmajster – logistics
  • regimentarz – second-in-command in the event a hetman was killed or taken prisoner; the regimantrz could also be chosen by the king for a given period when a hetman was not available, or informally assumed this function of the commander-in-chief when no hetman or monarch was present nearby (for example, the commander of a levee en masse was usually called a regimentarz.

Most of those aides also had a Field/Great and Crown/Lithuanian add-ons to their titles, depending on which hetman they were serving under.

Several new military titles were created after the 1635 by king Władysław IV Vasa, changing some of hetman's responsibilities:

  • 1637 – General of Artillery (responsible for artillery forces, their logistics and such)
  • 1670s – General of Logistics, General of Medics, General of Finances
  • The Generals of Inspections controlled the combat readiness of troops, however it is unclear when they were created (besides the phrase ‘in 17th century’).

List of Crown Hetmans

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Great Crown Hetmans
From To  
1485 1488 Feliks Paniewski
1488 1493 Stanisław Pieniążek z Witowic
1493 1497 vacant
1497 1499? Jan Trnka z Raciborzan
1503 1515 Mikołaj Kamieniecki
1515 1526 Mikołaj Firlej
1526 1527 vacant
1527 1561 Jan Tarnowski
1561 1569 Mikołaj Sieniawski
1569 1575 Jerzy Jazłowiecki
1579 1580 Mikołaj Mielecki
1581 1605 Jan Zamoyski
1605 1613 vacant
1613 1620 Stanisław Żółkiewski
1620 1632 vacant
1632 1646 Stanisław Koniecpolski
1646 1651 Mikołaj Potocki
1651 1654 vacant
1654 1667 Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki
1668 1674 Jan Sobieski
1674 1676 vacant
1676 1682 Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki
1682 1683 vacant
1683 1702 Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski
1702 1702 Feliks Kazimierz Potocki
1702 1706 Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski
1706 1726 Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski
1726 1728 Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski
1728 1735 vacant
1735 1751 Józef Potocki
1751 1752 vacant
1752 1771 Jan Klemens Branicki
1773 1773 Wacław Rzewuski
1774 1793 Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
1793 1794 Piotr Ożarowski

Шаблон:Col-break

Field Crown Hetmans
From To  
1492 1499 Stanisław Chodecki z Chodcza
1499 1501 Piotr Myszkowski
1501 1505 Stanisław Chodecki z Chodcza
1505 1509 Jan Kamieniecki
1509 1520 Jan Tworowski
1520 1528 Marcin Kamieniecki[1]
1529 1539 Jan Koła
1539 1561 Mikołaj Sieniawski
1561 1569 vacant
1569 1575 Jerzy Jazłowiecki
1575 1584 Mikołaj Sieniawski
1584 1588 vacant
1588 1613 Stanisław Żółkiewski
1613 1618 vacant
1618 1632 Stanisław Koniecpolski
1632 1633 vacant
1633 1636 Marcin Kazanowski
1636 1637 vacant
1637 1646 Mikołaj Potocki
1646 1652 Marcin Kalinowski
1652 1654 Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki
1654 1657 Stanisław Lanckoroński
1657 1664 Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski
1664 1665 Stefan Czarniecki
1665 1666 vacant
1666 1667 Jan Sobieski
1667 1676 Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki
1682 1683 Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski
1682 1683 Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski
1684 1691 Andrzej Potocki
1691 1692 vacant
1692 1702 Feliks Kazimierz Potocki
1702 1702 Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski
1702 1706 Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski
1706 1726 Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski
1726 1728 Stanisław Chomętowski
1728 1736 vacant
1736 1752 Jan Klemens Branicki
1752 1773 Wacław Rzewuski
1774 1774 Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
1774 1794 Seweryn Rzewuski

Шаблон:Col-end

List of Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Lithuanian Grand Hetmans[2]
From To Polish name Lithuanian name
1494 1497 Piotr Janowicz Montygerdowic Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis[3][4]
1497 1500 Konstanty Ostrogski Konstantinas Ostrogiškis
1500 1501 Semen Jurewicz Holszański Simonas Alšėniškis
1501 1502 Stanisław Janowicz Kieżgajło Stanislovas Kęsgaila
1503 1507 Stanisław Piotrowicz Kiszka Stanislovas Kiška
1507 1530 Konstanty Ostrogski Konstantinas Ostrogiškis
1530 1531 vacat
1531 1541 Jerzy Radziwiłł Jurgis Radvilas
1541 1550 vacat
1561 1565 Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł Mykolas Radvila Rudasis
1566 1572 Grzegorz Chodkiewicz Grigalius Chodkevičius
1572 1577 vacat
1577 1584 Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł Mykolas Radvila Rudasis
1584 1589 vacat
1589 1603 Krzysztof "Piorun" Radziwiłł Kristupas Radvila Perkūnas
1603 1605 vacat
1605 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius
1621 1625 vacat
1625 1633 Lew Sapieha Leonas Sapiega
1633 1635 vacat
1635 1640 Krzysztof Radziwiłł Kristupas Radvila
1640 1646 vacat
1646 1654 Janusz Kiszka Jonušas Kiška
1654 1655 Janusz Radziwiłł Jonušas Radvila
1656 1665 Paweł Jan Sapieha Povilas Jonas Sapiega
1665 1667 vacat
1667 1682 Michał Kazimierz Pac Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas
1683 1703 Kazimierz Jan Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
1703 1707 Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki Mykolas Servantieits Višnioveckis
1707 1708 Jan Kazimierz Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
1708 1709 Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder Jonas Kazimieras Sapiega
1709 1709 Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński Grigalius Antanas Oginskis
1709 1730 Ludwik Pociej Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus
1730 1735 vacat
1735 1744 Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki Mykolas Servantieits Višnioveckis
1744 1762 Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Žuvelė
1762 1768 Michał Józef Massalski Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis
1768 1793 Michał Kazimierz Ogiński Mykolas Kazimieras Oginskis
1793 1794 Szymon Marcin Kossakowski Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis

Шаблон:Col-break

Lithuanian Field Hetmans[2]
From To Polish name Lithuanian name Notes
1521 1531 Jerzy Radziwiłł Jurgis Radvila Court Hetman
1531 1536 vacat
1536 1540? Andrzej Niemirowicz Andrius Nemirovičius Court Hetman
1540 1561 vacat
1561 1566 Grzegorz Chodkiewicz Grigalius Chodkevičius Court Hetman
1566 1567 vacat
1567 1571 Roman Sanguszko Romanas Sanguška Court Hetman
1571 1572 vacat
1572 1589 Krzysztof "Piorun" Radziwiłł Kristupas Radvila Perkūnas Court Hetman
1589 1601 vacat
1601 1605 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius generalis exercituum Lithuanicorum vicarius
1605 1615 vacat
1615 1635 Krzysztof Radziwiłł Kristupas Radvila
1635 1646 Janusz Kiszka Jonušas Kiška
1646 1654 Janusz Radziwiłł Jonušas Radvila
1654 1662 Wincenty Gosiewski Vincentas Gosevskis
1562 1563 vacat
1663 1667 Michał Kazimierz Pac Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas
1667 1668 Władysław Wołłowicz Vladislovas Valavičius
1668 1680 Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila
1681 1683 Kazimierz Jan Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega
1683 1684 Jan Jacek Ogiński Jonas Oginskis
1684 1685 vacat
1685 1701 Józef Bogusław Słuszka Juozapas Boguslavas Sluška
1701 1702 vacat
1702 1703 Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki Mykolas Servantietis Višnioveckis
1703 1709 Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński Grigalius Antanas Oginskis
1707 1709 Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki Mykolas Servantietis Višnioveckis
1709 1709 Ludwik Pociej Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus
1709 1728 Stanisław Ernest Denhoff Ernestas Denhofas
1728 1735 vacat
1735 1744 Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Žuvelė
1744 1762 Michał Józef Massalski Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis
1762 1775 Aleksander Michał Sapieha Aleksandras Mykolas Sapiega
1775 1780 Józef Sosnowski Juozapas Silvestras Sosnovskis
1780 1791 Ludwik Tyszkiewicz Liudvikas Skuminas Tiškevičius
1791 1792 vacat
1792 1793 Szymon Marcin Kossakowski Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis
1793 1794 Józef Zabiełło Juozapas Zabiela

Шаблон:Col-end

See also

References

  1. Poczet hetmanów Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani koronni pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2005, s. 391–392.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  3. Шаблон:Cite book
  4. Шаблон:Cite book

Bibliography

  • Polskie tradycje wojskowe.. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1990. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Zdzisław Żygulski, Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej, Kraków 1994
  • Poczet hetmanów Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani koronni. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2005
  • Poczet hetmanów Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani litewscy. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2006
  • Urzędnicy centralni i nadworni Polski XIV-XVIII wieku. Spisy, Wyd. PAN, Kórnik 1992

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