Английская Википедия:Hexie (train)

Hexie (Шаблон:Zh), also known as the CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.

The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1, CRH2, CRH3 and CRH5. Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.

History

In 2007, China's Ministry of Railways drafted a plan for China's future high-speed network. Bombardier Transportation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Alstom and later Siemens joined the high-speed train manufacturing project that later became known as Harmony. Forming joint-ventures with Chinese company CNR and CSR, these four foreign companies signed agreements with China to manufacture high-speed trains for China as well as provide assistance for Chinese companies to manufacture train cars locally in the future.

While the initial train sets from each Hexie series were manufactured overseas, subsequent sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. Although the first domestically produced trains were initially delivered in complete knock-down form, eventually manufacturing as a whole became predominantly Chinese.^[1]

China currently holds many patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. This weakness on the intellectual property of Hexie trains became an obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related products, leading to the development of a completely redesigned train brand, Fuxing, which is based on indigenous technologies.^[1]^[2]^[3]

While most Hexie series trains are designed for China Railway, a variant of the CRH380A has been modified for operation by MTR Corporation of Hong Kong, who will operate these trains under the brand Vibrant Express specifically for the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link.

Variants

Файл:China Railway High-speed train passing through station.webm

China Railway High-speed train passing through Shenzhou railway station in Hainan

Файл:Beijing Tianjin CRH3 panoramic compartment 1200.JPG

Engineer's compartment on the CRH3

The Harmony brand has different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.^[1] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The trainsets are as follows:

CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design.
- CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt
- CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt
- CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt
CRH2: nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen.
- CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.^[4]
- CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt
- CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to Шаблон:Cvt as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
- CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to Шаблон:Cvt by using more powerful motors
- CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt.
CRH5A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt.^[5]
CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt; the other with a top operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt. They will be used on Шаблон:Cvt or Шаблон:Cvt Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011.Шаблон:Clarify
CRH380A; Maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt. Developed by CSR and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock; entered service in 2010.
- CRH380A: 8-car version
- CRH380AL: 16-car version
CRH380B: upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt, manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011.
- CRH380B: 8-car version
- CRH380BL: 16-car version
CRH380CL: designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles. Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; planned to enter service in 2012.
CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of Шаблон:Cvt, manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; planned to enter service in 2012.
- CRH380D: 8-car version

CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of Шаблон:Cvt and can reach up to Шаблон:Cvt. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of Шаблон:Cvt, and can reach up to Шаблон:Cvt, with a top testing speed more than Шаблон:Cvt. However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than Шаблон:Cvt impractical and remain limiting factors.

Train type	Car dimensions	Total length	Top speed	Seating capacity	Formation	Power output (under 25 kV)	Entry into Service
CRH1
CRH1A–200	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	673: 144 first and 529 standard 612: 128 first and 484 standard	5M3T	Шаблон:Convert	February 1, 2007
CRH1A–250		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	597: 144 first and 453 standard 646: 128 first and 518 standard 635: 128 first and 507 standard 673: 144 first and 529 standard	5M3T	Шаблон:Convert	September ?, 2010
CRH1B		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1299: 208 first and 1091 standard	10M6T	Шаблон:Convert	May 1, 2009
CRH1B (1E head)	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		1299: 208 first and 1091 standard			May 1, 2009
CRH1E		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	618: 122 standard, 16 luxury sleepers and 480 soft sleepers 642: 122 standard and 520 soft sleepers			November 4, 2009
CRH1A–A	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		613: 48 first and 565 standard	5M3T	Шаблон:Convert	February 1, 2016
CRH1E–250		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers	10M6T	Шаблон:Convert	January 29, 2016
CRH380D	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	554: 10 sightseeing, 32 first and 512 standard 556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	April 19, 2014
CRH2
CRH2G	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	January 8, 2016
CRH2A (EC)	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width: Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert		Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	613: 48 first and 565 standard			November 6, 2013
CRH2A (Old)			Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	610: 51 first and 559 standard			January 28, 2007
CRH2C Stage 1			Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert		6M2T	Шаблон:Convert	August 1, 2008
CRH2C Stage 2			Test: N/A Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert		6M2T	Шаблон:Convert	February 6, 2010
CRH2B		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1240: 155 first and 1075 standard	8M8T	Шаблон:Convert	August 1, 2008
CRH2E			Test: N/A Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	630: 110 standard and 520 soft sleepers			December 1, 2008
CRH2E–NG	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert			642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers			December 14, 2015
CRH2E–NG	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	880: 880 soft sleepers			July 1, 2017
CRH380A	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test:Шаблон:Convert Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	480: 18 sightseeing, 89 first and 373 standard	6M2T	Шаблон:Convert	September 30, 2010
CRH380A (New)		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard	6M2T	Шаблон:Convert	January 16, 2014
CRH380AL		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1028: 28 business, 162 first and 838 standard 1061: 20 business, 118 first and 923 standard	14M2T	Шаблон:Convert	June 30, 2011
CRH3
CRH3A	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height: Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	Other sets: Шаблон:Convert Set Nº. 5257: Шаблон:Convert	October 4, 2017
CRH3C	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	546: 16 special, 40 first and 490 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	August 1, 2008
CRH380BG	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	551: 16 sightseeing, 44 first and 491 standard 556: 10 sightseeing, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	October 9, 2012
CRH380BL		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1005: 28 business, 186 first and 791 standard 1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard	8M8T	Шаблон:Convert	January 13, 2011
CRH380B	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	January 16, 2014
CRH380CL	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design:Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1029: 28 business, 130 first and 871 standard 1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard	8M8T	Шаблон:Convert	April 3, 2013
CRH5
CRH5A	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	622: 60 first and 562 standard 586: 112 first and 474 standard	5M3T	Other sets: Шаблон:Convert Set Nº. 5191: Шаблон:Convert	April 18, 2007
CRH5G (Old)		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design:Шаблон:Convert / Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	613: 48 first and 565 second class			December 26, 2014
CRH5G (New)	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		613: 48 first and 565 second class			December 26, 2014
CRH5E		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: N/A Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers 880: 880 soft sleepers	10M6T	Шаблон:Convert	Under testing
CRH6
CRH6A	End cars length:Шаблон:Convert Inter cars length:Шаблон:Convert Width:Шаблон:Convert Height:Шаблон:Convert	Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1488: 557 standard and 931 standings 1488: 477 standard and 1011 standings 613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	February 12, 2014
CRH6A–A		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		688: 252 standard and 436 standings	2M2T	Шаблон:Convert	Under testing
CRH6F		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert	Test: Шаблон:Convert Design: Шаблон:Convert Continuous operation:Шаблон:Convert Current operation:Шаблон:Convert	1988: ... standard and ... standings	4M4T	Шаблон:Convert	July 11, 2015
CRH6F–A		Calculated:Шаблон:Convert Real:Шаблон:Convert		875: ... standard and ... standings	2M2T	Шаблон:Convert	March 26, 2018

Chinese CRH trainsets order timetable

Date	Factory	Speed Level	Type	Quantity (set)	Quantity (car)	Amount
2004-10-10^[6]	Alstom	250 km/h	CRH5A	3	24	620 million EUR
2004-10-10^[6]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	57	456	620 million EUR
2004-10-12^[7]	BST (Bombardier & CSR)	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2004-10-20^[8]	Kawasaki	250 km/h	CRH2A	3	24	9,300 million RMB
2004-10-20^[8]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2A	57	456	9,300 million RMB
2005-05-30^[9]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2005-06^[8]	CSR Sifang	300 km/h	CRH2C Stage one	30	240	8,200 million RMB
2005-06^[8]	CSR Sifang	350 km/h	CRH2C Stage two	30	240	8,200 million RMB
2005-11-20^[10]	Siemens	350 km/h	CRH3C	3	24	13,000 million RMB
2005-11-20^[10]	CNR Tangshan	350 km/h	CRH3C	57	456	13,000 million RMB
2007-10-31^[11]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1B	20	320	1,000 million EUR
2007-10-31^[11]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1E	20	320	1,000 million EUR
2007-11^[12]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2B	10	160	1,200 million RMB
2007-11^[8]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	6	96	900 million RMB
2008-12-06^[8]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	14	224	2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23^[13]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16^[14]	CNR Tangshan	380 km/h	CRH380BL	70	1,120	39,200 million RMB
2009-03-16^[14]	CNR Changchun	380 km/h	CRH380BL	30	480	39,200 million RMB
2009-09-28^[15]	CSR Sifang	380 km/h	CRH380A	40	320	45,000 million RMB
2009-09-28^[15]	CSR Sifang	380 km/h	CRH380AL	100	1,600	45,000 million RMB
2009-09-28^[15] Modified 2012-09-05^[16]	BST	380 km/h	CRH380D	70	560	27,400 million RMB
		250 km/h	CRH1A	46	368
		250 km/h	Zefiro 250NG	60	480
2009-09-28^[17]	CNR Changchun	380 km/h	CRH380B	40	320	23,520 million RMB
			CRH380BL	15	240
			CRH380CL	25	400
2009-09-28^[18]	CNR Tangshan	350 km/h	CRH3C^[19]	20	160	3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30^[20]	CSR Puzhen	220 km/h	CRH6	24	192	2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16^[21]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	40	320	5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14^[22]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2A	40	320	3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13^[23]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	20	160	2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	3,870 million RMB
Total				1050	10,240

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;^[24]^[25] some small changes were made according to the most recent news.

Type	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	Future (plan)	Total
CRH1A	8	18	12	2	20	20	106	80
CRH2A	19	41			15	25		100
CRH5A		27	29	4	30	20	30	140
CRH1B			4	9	7			20
CRH1E				3	8	9		20
CRH2B			10					10
CRH2E			6	14				20
CRH2C			10	20	30			60
CRH3C			7	36	37			80
CRH380A					40			40
CRH380AL					6	94		100
CRH380B						20	20Шаблон:Ref	40
CRH380BL					11	49	55Шаблон:Ref	115
CRH380CL							25Шаблон:Ref	25
CRH380D							70Шаблон:Ref	70
CRH380DL							0Шаблон:Ref	0
CRH6							24	24
Total	27	86	78	88	204	237	330	1050
Cumulative	27	113	191	279	483	744	1050	1050

Шаблон:Note All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012.
Шаблон:Note All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.

Gallery

CRH1

CRH1
Two coupled 8-car CRH1A electric multiple unit train sets in Nanchang

Two coupled 8-car CRH1A electric multiple unit train sets in Nanchang
CRH2

CRH2
CRH2 First Class Coach

CRH2 First Class Coach
CRH2 Second Class Coach

CRH2 Second Class Coach
China CRH2C locomotives at Shanghai Hongqiao Station

China CRH2C locomotives at Shanghai Hongqiao Station
CRH3

CRH3
Premier-class cabin inside Beijing-Tianjin Intercity CRH3 train

Premier-class cabin inside Beijing-Tianjin Intercity CRH3 train
CRH2C and CRH3C at Tianjin railway station

CRH2C and CRH3C at Tianjin railway station
CRH5

CRH5
CRH380A

CRH380A
CRH380BL Business Coach

CRH380BL Business Coach
CRH380CL at Beijing South railway station

CRH380CL at Beijing South railway station
CRH380D at Beijing South railway station

CRH380D at Beijing South railway station

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:High-speed rail in the People's Republic of China Шаблон:High-speed rail Шаблон:Transport in China

[train_maker-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Шаблон:Cite news

[Wines-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Шаблон:Cite news

[Johnson-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Шаблон:Cite news

[rgi-hstts-4] Шаблон:Cite news

[rgi2-5] Шаблон:Cite news

[6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] Шаблон:Cite web

[g2-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] Шаблон:Cite web

[12] Шаблон:Cite book

[13] Шаблон:Cite web

[14] Шаблон:Cite web

[g1-15] 15,0 ^15,1 Шаблон:Cite web

[16] Шаблон:Cite web

[17] Шаблон:Cite web

[18] Шаблон:Cite book

[19] Шаблон:Cite web

[20] Шаблон:Cite web

[21] Шаблон:Cite web

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[23] Шаблон:Cite web

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Английская Википедия:Hexie (train)

Содержание

History

Variants

Chinese CRH trainsets order timetable

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

Gallery

See also

References

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Действия на странице

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