Английская Википедия:Hideko Inoue

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Hideko Inoue (also Hideko Inouye, Шаблон:Lang-jaШаблон:Clarify 6 January 1875 – 19 July 1963) was a Japanese educator and peace activist. She taught home economics at Japan Women's University and served as the first woman president of the school from 1931–1946. Active in the peace movement she led the Japanese affiliate of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and was one of the leading feminists supporting internationalism in the interwar era. In the 1930s she changed her focus to Pan-Asian cooperation and at the end of the decade was appointed to the Ministry of Greater East Asia to work on educational reforms. In the 1940s, she was decorated by the Emperor of Japan but lost her presidency at Japan Women's University in 1946 when she was purged by the U. S. Occupation Administration. She remained involved in education until the mid-1950s.

Early life

Hideko Inoue was born on 6 January 1875 in Kasuga, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan to Kahei Inoue.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her family was very affluent and influential.Шаблон:Sfn Upon completing elementary school,Шаблон:Sfn she entered the Hikami Senior School in Kashihara in 1885, and was one of only three girls in the school.Шаблон:Sfn One of her teachers there, Makiko Imai, encouraged Inoue to continue her education, but her father felt that she had had adequate education for a girl. With her grandmother's encouragement, he finally allowed her in 1890Шаблон:Sfn to begin attending the Шаблон:Ill, the oldest girls' high school in Japan.Шаблон:Sfn As her English scores were poor, Inoue began studying English to prepare, taking both formal classes and private instruction.Шаблон:Sfn One of the other students at the school was Kameko Hirooka, daughter of the founder of Japan Women's University, Asako Hirooka and she became close to the family.Шаблон:Sfn

Portrait of a Japanese man
Masaji Inoue

In 1895, Inoue married Шаблон:Ill, who was adopted by the Inoue family and took the name of Masaji Inoue, as there were no sons in the family to carry on the family name. After giving birth to her oldest daughter, ShinaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in 1899Шаблон:Sfn or 1900,Шаблон:Sfn Inoue enrolled in 1901 at Japan Women's University to study home economics.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When she graduated, she became the secretary general of alumni association and then with the encouragement of Hirooka went to the United States to further her educationШаблон:Sfn at Teachers College, Columbia University and the Chicago Normal School.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Career

In 1908, when she returned from the United States, Inoue worked as a professor at the Japan Women's University and helped establish, along with Шаблон:Ill, the field of home economics in Japan. In 1911 she became the head of the Japan Women's Peace Association,Шаблон:Sfn an affiliate of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.Шаблон:Sfn In 1913, through her involvement with the alumni association, Inoue proposed that the graduates hold fundraisers to support a day care system modeled on those she had seen in the United States. The association held music performances and sold items at a bazaar to pay for the operation of the first day care center in Japan, which opened that year in the Sugamo neighborhood of Tokyo.Шаблон:Sfn She also founded the Women's Association for the Cultivation of International FriendshipШаблон:Sfn to urge women's cooperation globally.Шаблон:Sfn

By the 1920s, Inoue was the leading woman in the internationalist movement and was a visible supporter of world peace.Шаблон:Sfn As the head of the Japanese Women's Peace League, she attended the Women's World Conference on Arms Limitation, in Washington, D. C. in 1921.Шаблон:Sfn She was by that time, head of the home economics department, and traveled to the conference with her secretary, Dr. Marian Irwin, graduate of Bryn Mawr College.Шаблон:Sfn At the conference, she spoke on the need for women's education and political rights, as well as for arms control and international peace policies.Шаблон:Sfn She believed that if Japan agreed with disarmament policies that would make Japanese immigration more attractive in the United States and lessen the overcrowding at home.Шаблон:Sfn She was also the lead delegate to the 1928 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1931, she became the first woman president of the Japan Women's University and in 1933 helped organize the International Women's and Children Exposition.Шаблон:Sfn

In the interwar period Inoue and her husband both supported internationalism, but at the dawn of World War II, they both supported Japan's expansionism and a Pan-Asian focus under Japanese leadership.Шаблон:Sfn After the Second Sino-Japanese War, Inoue shifted towards pro-Asian policies and in 1937, when touring Nazi Germany, was a vocal supporter of the Nazi's Strength Through Joy program.Шаблон:Sfn That same year, when touring the United States she was struck by the hypocrisy of immigration bans because there was a surplus of undeveloped land.Шаблон:Sfn When she returned from abroad, she worked in the Ministry of Greater East Asia on educational reforms.Шаблон:Sfn Her lectures of the time showed she had not completely abandoned internationalism, as she argued that rationing foreign edibles which had become staples of the culture would be problematic. She also continued to press for reforms for women's education, believing that even within the cultural context of women's subservience, education was needed to advance societal modernization.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1939, Inoue, along with other leading women like Kiuchi Kyo and Yoshioka Yayoi, established the women’s wing of the National Language Association, an organization designed to improve and preserve the Japanese language.Шаблон:Sfn The goal of the women's wing was to promote the use of feminine language to embody their gender in their courteous demeanor and speech.Шаблон:Sfn In 1940, Inoue was one of four women appointed to serve in the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement.Шаблон:Sfn She was decorated by the Emperor of Japan and held many varied government posts until the war ended.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1946, Inoue was purged by the U. S. Occupation Administration from her presidency at the Japan Women's University.Шаблон:Sfn Ostensibly, her removal was based on an affiliation with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association because in 1941 she was appointed as the vice president of the Dai Nippon Seishonen-dan,Шаблон:Sfn (Greater Japan Youth and Child Group). This group was made of up school administrators for the purpose of creating activities for youth participation in the war effort. They organized such events as aid to soldiers' families, crop harvests, savings drives, and training for home and national defense.Шаблон:Sfn Inoue's defense of her actions was that she had opposed both her appointment to the Youth and Child Group and its affiliation with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association,Шаблон:Sfn but she became one of the few women purged in the period of occupation.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1954, she accompanied Dr. Hiro Ohashi on a study tour of the social services and home economics departments of Indiana University, Iowa State College, Michigan State University, and the University of Chicago, among others. They took ideas regarding integrating physical sciences into the home economics courses, updating appliances, and adding audio-visual materials home to add to the curricula of the Women's University.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Inoue died on 19 July 1963.Шаблон:Sfn There is a carved bust of Inoue on display at the Funagi Elementary School in Tanba.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Citations

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Bibliography

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External links

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