Английская Википедия:Hieronim Chodkiewicz

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox noble

Hieronim Chodkiewicz (Шаблон:Lang-lt; ca. 1515–1561) was a noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who was Elder of Samogitia from 1545 until his death. He was son of Aleksander and brother of Hrehory and Yurii Chodkiewiczs. Due to the political success of Chodkiewicz and his brothers, the Chodkiewicz family became the second wealthiest family in the Grand Duchy after the Radziwiłłs according to a military census of 1567Шаблон:Sfn – a significant increase from the 1528 census when their father Alexander was 11th on the list.Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz distanced himself from his Eastern Orthodox roots—he possibly converted to Catholicism around 1530 and to Lutheranism around 1550.

Religion

Traditional historiography usually states that Chodkiewicz was born around 1500.Шаблон:Sfn However, Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė has noted that in such a case Chodkiewicz would have begun his political career in his mid-forties, when most nobles started in late twenties or early thirties. Kirkienė suggested that his father's marriage and birth of children should be moved from the 1500s to mid-1510s.Шаблон:Sfn Kirkienė also argued that Hieronim was born as Ivan and raised as Eastern Orthodox—he converted to Catholicism and was baptized Hieronim (after St. Jerome) around 1530.Шаблон:Sfn That would explain his later marriage to a Catholic and appointment to positions in Vilnius and Trakai generally reserved for Catholics. Chodkiewicz corresponded with known Protestant activist Albert, Duke of Prussia since the mid-1530s and send his son Jan Hieronimowicz to be educated there.Шаблон:Sfn He was also a sponsor of theologian Friedrich Staphylus, who visited him in Lithuania in spring 1549.Шаблон:Sfn The historiography usually provides 1553 as the year when Chodkiewicz fully converted to Lutheranism.Шаблон:Sfn

Political career

The political rise of Chodkiewicz was related to the transfer of power from Grand Duke Sigismund I the Old to his son Sigismund II Augustus. In 1542, Sigismund the Old made a series of appointments to various political posts and Chodkiewicz became Royal Deputy Cup-bearer of Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn In 1544, Sigismund Augustus was entrusted to rule the Grand Duchy and almost immediately made new appointments. Chodkiewicz became castellan of Trakai while his father was promoted to voivode of Nowogródek. Both of these positions guaranteed seats in the Lithuanian Council of Lords.Шаблон:Sfn Just a year later, in 1545, Hieronim Chodkiewicz was further promoted to Elder of Samogitia thus politically surpassing his father.Шаблон:Sfn The appointment to Samogitia most likely was due to his marriage to a Samogitian noblewoman.Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz and his son held the position until 1579, replacing Kęsgailos as the most influential Samogitian familyШаблон:Sfn and acquiring many properties in Samogitia, including Kretinga, Skuodas, Lyduvėnai.Шаблон:Sfn Šaukėnai, obtained as his wife's dowry, became the primary residence of the Chodkiewicz family in Samogitia.Шаблон:Sfn

Chodkiewicz supported Queen Bona Sforza when she vehemently opposed the marriage of Barbara Radziwiłł and Sigismund Augustus.Шаблон:Sfn That brought Chodkiewicz into disfavor of Sigismund and further rivalry with the Radziwiłłs, who swept all the top posts and almost became de facto rulers in Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn In 1555, King Sigismund II Augustus sent him on a diplomatic mission to Pope Paul IV and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The latter granted him and his family the honorary title of Graf.Шаблон:Sfn Further career of Chodkiewicz was related to the Livonian War. In 1559, Hieronim Chodkiewicz was promoted to castellan of Vilnius and his brother Hrehory, noted for loyal military service, became castellan of Trakai.Шаблон:Sfn In 1560, Hieronim commanded the Lithuanian armies in Livonia, defeating the Muscovites at Cēsis (Wenden).Шаблон:Sfn Death of Chodkiewicz in 1561 was a blow to the family as it lost influential seats in the Council of Lords. Partially thanks to the successful military campaigns of Hrehory, the Chodkiewiczs restored their influence within three years.Шаблон:Sfn

Titles and positions

Chodkiewicz held the following titles and positions:Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Sometime between 1536 and 1545,Шаблон:Sfn Chodkiewicz married widow Anna Szemetówna (Шаблон:Lang-lt), daughter of Jan Szemet (Lithuanian: Jonas Šemeta).Шаблон:Sfn He had one son, Ivan Hieronimovich, born in about 1537, who became Elder of Samogitia and Grand Marshal of Lithuania. Chodkiewicz had seven daughters. Five of them were married to members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords:Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography
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