Английская Википедия:High-speed rail in Europe
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
High-speed rail (HSR) has developed in Europe as an increasingly popular and efficient means of transport. The first high-speed rail lines on the continent, built in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, improved travel times on intra-national corridors. Since then, several countries have built extensive high-speed networks, and there are now several cross-border high-speed rail links. Railway operators frequently run international services, and tracks are continuously being built and upgraded to international standards on the emerging European high-speed rail network.
In 2007, a consortium of European Railway operators, Railteam, emerged to co-ordinate and boost cross-border high-speed rail travel. Developing a Trans-European high-speed rail network is a stated goal of the European Union, and most cross-border railway lines receive EU funding. Several countries — France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia and the United Kingdom — are connected to a cross-border high-speed railway network.Шаблон:Citation needed
More are expected to be connected in the coming years as Europe invests heavily in tunnels, bridges and other infrastructure and development projects across the continent, many of which are under construction now. Alstom was the first manufacturer to design and deliver a high speed train or HS-Train, which ended up in service with TGV in France.
Currently, there are a number of manufacturers designing and building HSR in Europe, with criss-crossed alliances and partnerships, including Alstom, Bombardier (owned by Alstom since 2021), Hitachi, Siemens, and Talgo.[1]
Early national high-speed rail networks
The first high-speed rail lines and services were built in the 1980s and 1990s as national projects. Countries sought to increase passenger capacity and decrease journey times on inter-city routes within their borders. In the beginning, lines were built through national funding programs and services were operated by national operators. Шаблон:Image frame Шаблон:Image frame
France
Шаблон:Main France was the first country to introduce high-speed rail in Europe when the LGV Sud-Est from Paris to Lyon opened in 1981 and TGV started passenger service. Since then, France has continued to build an extensive network, with lines extending in every direction from Paris. France has the second largest high-speed network in Europe, with Шаблон:Cvt of operative HSR lines in June 2021,[2] behind only Spain's Шаблон:Cvt.[3]
The TGV network gradually spread out to other cities, and into other countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. Due to the early adoption of high-speed rail and the important location of France (between the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and Central Europe), most other dedicated high-speed rail lines in Europe have been built to the same speed, voltage and signaling standards. The most obvious exception is the high-speed lines in Germany, which are built to existing German railway standards. Also, many high-speed services, including TGV and ICE utilize existing rail lines in addition to those designed for high-speed rail. For that reason, and due to differing national standards, trains that cross national boundaries need to have special characteristics, such as the ability to handle different power supplies and signalling systems. This means that not all TGVs are the same, and there are loading gauge and signalling considerations.
| Line | Operating speed (max) | Length | Construction began | Construction completed or expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LGV Sud-Est | Шаблон:Convert then Шаблон:Convert |
Шаблон:Cvt | 1976 | 1983 |
| LGV Atlantique | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1985 | 1990 |
| LGV Rhone-Alpes | Шаблон:Cvt | 1989 | 1994 | |
| LGV Nord | Шаблон:Cvt | 1989 | 1996 | |
| LGV Interconnexion Est | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1990 | 1996 |
| LGV Méditerrannée | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1996 | 2001 |
| LGV Est Européen | Шаблон:Cvt | 2002 | 2016 | |
| LGV Perpignan-Barcelona | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2004 | 2012 |
| LGV Rhin-Rhone | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2006 | 2011 |
| LGV Sud Europe Atlantique | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2017 | |
| LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2017 | |
| LGV Nîmes-Montpellier | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2013 | 2018 |
| LGV Bordeaux-Toulouse | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2024 | 2030 |
| LGV Bordeaux-Espagne | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown | ~ 2032 | |
| LGV Montpellier-Perpignan | Unknown | Шаблон:Cvt | 2030 | 2035 |
| Lyon-Turin | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2007 | 2032 |
United Kingdom
Early developments
Britain has a history of high-speed rail, starting with early high-speed steam systems: examples of engines are GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro and the steam-record holder LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. Later, high-speed diesel and electric services were introduced, using upgraded main lines, mainly the Great Western Main Line (GWML) and East Coast Main Line. The InterCity 125, otherwise known as the High-Speed Train (HST), was launched in 1976 with a service speed of Шаблон:Convert and provided the first high-speed rail services in Britain.[4] The HST was diesel-powered, and the GWML was the first to be modified for the new service.[5] Because the GWML had been built mostly straight, often with four tracks and with a distance of Шаблон:Cvt between distant signal and main signal, it allowed trains to run at Шаблон:Convert with relatively moderate infrastructure investments, compared to other countries in Europe. The Intercity 125 had proven the economic case for high-speed rail,[6] and British Rail was keen to explore further advances.
In the 1970s, British Rail began to explore new technologies for high-speed passenger rail services in the UK. While the Japanese and French railway authorities had decided to build completely new tracks for their respective Shinkansen and TGV high-speed rail systems, British Rail opted instead to develop a train capable of running on existing rail infrastructure: the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), with a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. An experimental version, the APT-E, was tested between 1972 and 1976. It was equipped with a tilting mechanism which allowed the train to tilt into bends to reduce cornering forces on passengers, and was powered by gas turbines (the first to be used on British Rail since the Great Western Railway). The line had used Swiss-built Brown-Boveri and British-built Metropolitan-Vickers locomotives (18000 and 18100) in the early 1950s. The 1970s oil crisis prompted a rethink in the choice of motive power (as with the prototype TGV in France), and British Rail later opted for traditional electric overhead lines when the pre-production and production APTs were brought into service in 1980–86.[7]
Initial experience with the Advanced Passenger Trains was pretty good. They had a high power-to-weight ratio to enable rapid acceleration; the prototype set record speeds on the Great Western Main Line and the Midland Main Line, and the production versions vastly reduced journey times on the WCML. The APT was, however, beset with technical problems; financial constraints and negative media coverage eventually caused the project to be cancelled.[8]
Current network and projects
Trains currently travel at Шаблон:Convert on five lines (across at least one section): the East Coast Main Line, Great Western Main Line, Midland Main Line, parts of the Cross Country Route, and the West Coast Main Line.
New dedicated high-speed lines have an operating speed of more than Шаблон:Convert:
- High Speed 1 (HS1) connects London to the Channel Tunnel, with international Eurostar services running from London St Pancras International to cities in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands at Шаблон:Convert.[9] That line is also used by high-speed commuter services from Kent to the capital, operating at top speeds of Шаблон:Convert. It opened on 14 November 2007, on time and under budget.
- A second line, High Speed 2 (HS2), has been under construction since 2019[10] between London and Birmingham with later extensions to Manchester and Leeds cancelled in 2023 and 2021 respectively due to spiralling costs. It will link London with the Midlands at Шаблон:Convert and reduce journey times to major cities in the North and Scotland. HS2 is a more sustainable high-speed line critical for the UK's low carbon transport future, building several new railway stations and bridges.[11] Government-backed plans to provide east–west high-speed services between cities in the North of England announced in 2014 as part of the Northern Powerhouse Rail project are in development, and were expanded by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in 2023 as part of Network North.[12]
Like Finnish and Russian counterparts, the strongest reasons for new high-speed lines are to relieve congestion on the existing network and create extra capacity.
| Line | Operating speed (max) | Length | Construction began | Construction completed or expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Speed 1 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1998 | 2007 |
| High Speed 2 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2019 | 2028 |
In order to carry passengers to destinations beyond the core routes to Paris and Brussels, new Class 374 trains, also referred to as the Eurostar e320, were introduced in November 2015. A Class 374 train has 900 seats, roughly equivalent to six Airbus A320s or Boeing 737s (the aircraft typically used by low-cost airlines).
Germany
Шаблон:Unreferenced sectionШаблон:Main
Construction of the first German high-speed lines began shortly after that of the French LGVs. Legal battles caused significant delays, so that the InterCityExpress (ICE) trains were deployed ten years after the TGV network was established. The ICE network is more tightly integrated with pre-existing lines and trains as a result of the different settlement structure in Germany, with more than twice the population density of France. ICE trains reached destinations in Austria and Switzerland soon after they entered service, taking advantage of the same voltage used in these countries. Starting in 2000, multisystem third-generation ICE trains entered the Netherlands and Belgium. The third generation of the ICE reached a speed of Шаблон:Convert during trial runs in accordance with European rules requiring maximum speed +10% in trial runs, and is certified for Шаблон:Convert in regular service. Germany has around 1,658 kilometers (1,030 miles) of high speed lines.[13]
In the south-west, a new line between Offenburg and Basel is planned to allow speeds of Шаблон:Convert, and a new line between Frankfurt and Mannheim for speeds of Шаблон:Convert is in advanced planning stages. In the east, a Шаблон:Convert long line between Nuremberg and Leipzig opened in December 2017 for speeds of up to Шаблон:Convert. Together with the fast lines from Berlin to Leipzig and from Nuremberg to Munich, which were completed in 2006, it allows journey times of about four hours from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south, compared to nearly eight hours for the same distance a few years ago.
| Line | Operating speed (max) | Length | Construction began |
Construction completed or expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1973 | 1991 |
| Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 1976 | 1991 | |
| Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1992 | 1998 |
| Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1995 | 2002 |
| Cologne–Aachen high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1997 | 2002 |
| Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1998 | 2006–2013 |
| Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 1987 | 2015 | |
| Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 1996 | 2017 | |
| Karlsruhe–Basel high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1987 | 1993–2031 |
| Stuttgart–Wendlingen high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2025 (expected) |
| Wendlingen–Ulm high-speed railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2022 |
Italy
Шаблон:Main The earliest high-speed rail line built in Europe was the Italian "Direttissima", the Florence–Rome high-speed railway Шаблон:Cvt in 1978, which used FS Class E444 3 kV DC locomotives. Italy pioneered the use of the Pendolino tilting train technology. The Italian government constructor Treno Alta Velocità has been adding to the high-speed network in Italy, with some lines already opened. The Italian operator NTV is the first open access high-speed rail operator in Europe, since 2011, using AGV ETR 575 multiple units.
In March 2011, a contract for the second phase of construction on the Milan–Verona high-speed line was signed. This section will be Шаблон:Cvt long. Construction was originally to be completed by 2015,[14] it is open to Brescia from late 2016.
| Line | Operating speed (max) | Length | Construction began |
Construction completed or expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florence–Rome | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1970 | 1992 |
| Rome–Naples | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1995 | 2005 |
| Padua–Venice (Mestre) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2007 | |
| Naples-Salerno | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2008 | |
| Milan–Bologna | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2002 | 2008 |
| Bologna–Florence | Шаблон:Cvt | 1992 | 2009 | |
| Turin–Milan | Шаблон:Cvt | 2009 | ||
| Milan–Brescia | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2016 | |
| Brescia-Verona | Шаблон:Cvt | 2016 | 2026[15] | |
| Verona-Vicenza | Шаблон:Cvt | 2021 | 2026[16] | |
| Vicenza-Padua | 26 | 2024 | 2029[17] | |
| Brenner Base Tunnel | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2006 | 2032[18] |
| Turin-Lyon | Шаблон:Cvt | 2011 | 2030[19] | |
| Verona-Brenner[20] | Шаблон:Cvt | 2021 | 2032 | |
| Milano-Genoa[21] | Шаблон:Cvt | 2011 | 2023[22] | |
| Naples-Bari | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2016 | 2027[23] |
| Florence rail bypass | 100 km/h (62 mph) | Шаблон:Cvt | 2023 | 2028[24][25] |
The Italian high-speed railway network consists of Шаблон:Cvt of lines, which allow speeds of up to Шаблон:Cvt. The safety system adopted for the network is the ERMTS/ETCS II, the state-of-the-art in railway signalling and safety.[26] The power supply follows the European standard of 25 kV AC 50 Hz mono-phase current. The Direttissima segment is still supplied with 3 kV DC current, but it is planned that this will be conformed to the rest of the network.[27]
With the entering into service of the ETR1000 train-sets, which have a designed top speed of Шаблон:Cvt[30] and a designed commercial speed of Шаблон:Cvt,[31] the rail network speeds where thought to be upgraded[32] to safely allow trains to run at such speeds. After it entered in service in 2015, the Frecciarossa 1000 underwent several speed tests along the Turin-Milan route, reaching the Italian rail speed record of Шаблон:Cvt on 26 February 2016.[33] On 28 May 2018, the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport and the ANSF announced that no further tests will be carried out, as issues of ballast being suctioned by the train emerged at those speeds, and that the speed limit would be maintained at Шаблон:Cvt, which is the speed for which it is currently certified.[31][34][35]
The increasing success of Italy's high-speed rail networks since 2008 has been cited as one of the main reasons that the flag carrier airline Alitalia, which focused on domestic flights, went bankrupt and ceased operations in October 2021 as high-speed train travel became faster, cheaper and more efficient.[36]
Spain
Early developments
In 1978, the Spanish manufacturer Talgo registered the world speed record for diesel-powered trains at Шаблон:Cvt with a Talgo 4. The same company had reached successive records at Шаблон:Cvt in 1942 with a Talgo 1, Шаблон:Cvt in 1964 with a Talgo 3, and then reached Шаблон:Cvt on a static test bench in 1990 with a Talgo 350 tilting train. Following these technical benchmarks, maximum commercial speeds in the Spanish networks were set at Шаблон:Cvt in 1950, Шаблон:Cvt in 1986, and Шаблон:Cvt in 1989.[37][38]
The AVE service
The Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) high-speed rail service in Spain has been operating since 1992, when the Madrid–Seville route started running, at speeds up to Шаблон:Cvt, and up to Шаблон:Cvt between 2011 and 2016 on a Шаблон:Cvt section of the Madrid–Zaragoza railway.[39] More than ten other lines have been opened since 2005, including the Шаблон:Convert long Madrid–Barcelona line in 2008. By December 2021, the total length of the ADIF-maintained network was Шаблон:Cvt,[3] making it the longest in Europe, and the second longest in the world after mainland China's.
The ambitious AVE construction programme aims to connect with high-speed trains almost all provincial capitals to Madrid in less than 3 hours and to Barcelona within 6 hours. With an initial deadline set for 2020, the programme was slowed down by the financial crisis: the two main lines still under construction, the Mediterranean Corridor and the Madrid–Extremadura line (which would be part of the Madrid-Lisbon link), are yet to be completed.[40]
The Spanish and Portuguese high-speed lines are being built to European standard track gauge (UIC) of Шаблон:RailGauge and electrified with 25 kV at 50 Hz from overhead wire. The first HSL from Madrid to Seville is equipped with the LZB train control system, and later lines with ETCS.
Elsewhere in Europe, the success of high-speed services has been due in part to interoperability with existing normal rail lines. Interoperability between the new AVE lines and the older Iberian gauge network presents additional challenges. Both Talgo and CAF supply trains with variable gauge wheels operated by automatic gauge-changer equipment which the trains pass through without stopping (Alvias). Some lines are being constructed as dual gauge to allow trains with Iberian and UIC gauge to run on the same tracks. Other lines have been re-equipped with sleepers for both Iberian and UIC gauge, such that the track can be converted from Iberian to UIC gauge at a later time without changing the sleepers.
The first AVE trains to link up with the French standard gauge network began running in December 2013, when direct high-speed rail services between Spain and France were launched for the first time.[41] This connection between the two countries was made possible by the construction of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line (a follow-up of the Madrid-Barcelona line), completed in January 2013,[42][43] and its international section Perpignan-Figueres, which opened in December 2010 and includes a new Шаблон:Convert tunnel under the Pyrenees. Another high-speed rail link connecting the two countries at Irun/Hendaye is also planned.
Current network and projects
The total length of lines is Шаблон:Cvt as of 2023,[3] with long-term plans to expand it up to Шаблон:Cvt. Several new high-speed lines are under construction with a design speed of Шаблон:Convert, and several old lines are being upgraded to allow passenger trains to operate at Шаблон:Convert.[44][45]
Three companies have built or will build trains for the Spanish high-speed railway network: Spanish Talgo, French Alstom and German Siemens AG. Bombardier Transportation is a partner in both the Talgo-led and the Siemens-led consortium. France will eventually build 25 kV TGV lines all the way to the Spanish border (there is now a gap between Nîmes and Perpignan), but multi-voltage trains will still be needed, as trains travelling to Paris need to travel the last few kilometres on 1.5 kV lines. To this end, RENFE decided to convert 10 existing AVE S100 trains to operate at this voltage (as well as the French signalling systems), which will cost €30,000,000 instead of the previously expected €270,000,000 for new trains.[56]
The network eventually opened to operators other than RENFE, and the SNCF-owned low-cost brand Ouigo España began to serve the Madrid–Barcelona route on 10 May 2021.[57] To complement their higher-end AVE trains, RENFE launched a no-frills service called Avlo on 23 June 2021.[58] Iryo, operated by the ILSA joint venture between Air Nostrum and Trenitalia, began operation in late 2022, making Spain the first country in Europe with three competing operators of high-speed trains.[59][60]
Integration of European high-speed rail network
The Trans-European high-speed rail network is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks. It was defined by the Council Directive 96/48/EC of 23 July 1996.
The aim of this EU Directive is to achieve the interoperability of the European high-speed train network at the various stages of its design, construction and operation.
The network is defined as a system consisting of a set of infrastructures, fixed installations, logistic equipment and rolling stock.
On 5 June 2010, the European Commissioner for Transport signed a Memorandum of Understanding with France and Spain concerning a new high-speed rail line across the Pyrenees to become the first link between the high-speed lines of the two countries. Furthermore, high-speed lines between Helsinki and Berlin (Rail Baltica), and between Lyon and Budapest, were promoted.[61]
Cross-border infrastructure and passenger services
Belgium
Belgium's rail network is served by four high-speed train operators: Thalys, Eurostar, ICE and TGV trains. All of them serve Brussels South station, Belgium's largest railway station. Thalys trains, which are a variant of the French TGV, operate between Belgium, Germany (Dortmund), the Netherlands (Amsterdam) and France (Paris). Since 2007, Eurostar has connected Brussels to London St Pancras, before which, trains connected to London Waterloo. The German ICE operates between Brussels, Liège and Frankfurt.
The HSL 1 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Brussels with the French border. Шаблон:Cvt long (Шаблон:Cvt dedicated high-speed tracks, Шаблон:Cvt modernised lines), it began service on 14 December 1997. The line has appreciably shortened rail journeys, the journey from Paris to Brussels now taking 1:22. In combination with the LGV Nord, it has also affected international journeys to France and London, ensuring high-speed through-running by Eurostar, TGV, Thalys PBA and Thalys PBKA trainsets. The total construction cost was €1.42 billion.
The HSL 2 is a Belgian high-speed rail line between Brussels and Liège, Шаблон:Cvt long (Шаблон:Cvt dedicated high-speed tracks between Leuven and Ans, Шаблон:Cvt modernised lines between Brussels and Leuven and between Ans and Liège) it began service on 15 December 2002. Its extension to the German border (the HSL 3) is now in use, the combined high-speed line greatly accelerates journeys between Brussels, Paris and Germany. HSL 2 is used by Thalys and ICE trains as well as fast internal InterCity services.
The HSL 3 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Liège to the German border. Шаблон:Cvt long (Шаблон:Cvt dedicated high-speed tracks, Шаблон:Cvt modernised lines), it began service on 13 December 2009. HSL 3 is used by international Thalys and ICE trains only, as opposed to HSL 2 which is also used for fast internal InterCity services.
The HSL 4 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Brussels to the Dutch border. Шаблон:Cvt long (Шаблон:Cvt dedicated high-speed tracks, Шаблон:Cvt modernised lines). HSL 4 is used by Thalys trains since 13 December 2009 and it will be used starting 2010 by fast internal InterCity trains. Between Brussels and Antwerp (Шаблон:Cvt), trains travel at Шаблон:Convert on the upgraded existing line (with the exception of a few segments where a speed limit of Шаблон:Convert is imposed). At the E19/A12 motorway junction, trains leave the regular line to run on new dedicated high-speed tracks to the Dutch border (Шаблон:Cvt) at Шаблон:Convert.
The completion of the Channel Tunnel rail link (High Speed 1) and the completion of the lines from Brussels to Amsterdam and Cologne led to news reports in November 2007 that both Eurostar and Deutsche Bahn were pursuing direct services from London to Amsterdam and Cologne. Both journeys would be under 4 hours, the length generally considered competitive with air travel.
The 25N line (Schaerbeek–Mechelen) opened in 2012–2018 is designed for speeds up to Шаблон:Convert, but is limited to Шаблон:Convert until another existing line Mechelen-Antwerp will be upgraded. It's unknown when it will happen.
Netherlands
HSL-Zuid (Шаблон:Lang-nl, Шаблон:Lang-en) is a Шаблон:Cvt high-speed line in the Netherlands. Using existing tracks from Amsterdam Centraal to Schiphol Airport, the dedicated high-speed line begins here and continues to Rotterdam Centraal and to the Belgian border. Here, it connects to the HSL 4, terminating at Antwerpen-Centraal.[62] Den Haag Centraal (The Hague) and Breda are connected to the high-speed line by conventional railway lines.[63] Services on the HSL-Zuid began on 7 September 2009.[64] It is being served by Thalys trains from Amsterdam to Brussels and Paris, Eurostar trains to Brussels and London and domestic Intercity Direct train services.[65]
HSL-Oost was planned, but was put on hiatus. It would connect Amsterdam Centraal via Utrecht Centraal and Arnhem to Germany.[66] The existing line from Amsterdam to Utrecht is four-tracked. Two tracks out of four are capable of Шаблон:Cvt, but the available voltage is not high enough. The line is planned to be re-electrified to 25 kV AC.
In the north, a new line called Lelylijn is under study between Lelystad and Groningen, with operating speed up to Шаблон:Cvt.[67] This line would, along with other measures on the Amsterdam - Copenhagen corridor, allow to reduce the traveling time between these two cities down to 4h 30mn.[68]
Paris to Frankfurt
Admission of ICE trains onto French LGVs was applied for in 2001, and trial runs were completed in 2005. In June 2007, the LGV Est from Paris to the middle of the Lorraine region of France was opened. For the first time, high-speed services over the Franco-German border were offered. SNCF operates the TGV service between Paris and Stuttgart via Strasbourg and a daily return journey from Paris to Frankfurt via Saarbrücken, while ICE trains operate the remaining Paris to Frankfurt.
Frankfurt to Marseille
After the inauguration of the LGV Rhin-Rhône in 2011 a daily high-speed TGV service has been introduced between Frankfurt Hbf and Marseille St. Charles via Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Lyon and Valence with a total travel time under 8h.
Channel Tunnel
The construction of the Channel Tunnel, completed in 1994, provided the impetus for the first cross-border high-speed rail line. In 1993, the LGV Nord, which connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille, was opened. Initial travel times through the tunnel from London to Paris and Brussels were about 3 hours. In 1997, a dedicated high-speed line to Brussels, HSL 1, was opened. In 2007, High Speed 1, the Channel Tunnel Rail Link to London, was completed after a partial opening in 2003. All three lines were built to the French LGV standards, including electrification at 25 kV. The Channel tunnel itself is geometrically achievable to provide Шаблон:Convert speed, but it is limited to Шаблон:Convert. In the 1990s it was claimed that such speed restriction is temporary.[69]
London to Paris and Brussels
Passenger trains built to specific safety standards are operated by Eurostar through the Channel Tunnel. Direct trains now travel from London St Pancras to Paris in 2h15, and to Brussels in 1h51. On 1 May 2015 Eurostar introduced a weekly service from London to Lyon, Avignon and Marseille. Thalys high-speed international trains serve the Paris to Brussels corridor, which is now covered in 1h20. Additional Thalys services extend to Amsterdam and Cologne in addition to Belgian cities.
London to Amsterdam and Germany
Both Deutsche Bahn (DB) and Eurostar have announced plans for direct services from London to new continental destinations in the Netherlands and Germany. DB have not set a date for any new service to begin, although the company did at one point hope to introduce a five-hour service to Frankfurt by 2017. A four times daily direct Eurostar service between London St Pancras and Amsterdam started running on 4 April 2018. The German manufacturer Siemens has designed trainsets to meet the strict safety standards of Channel Tunnel operation.
Spanish-French border
A Шаблон:Convert section of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line across the Spanish-French border opened in January 2013.[70] The line includes the new Шаблон:Convert Perthus Tunnel under the Pyrenees and permits high-speed rail services between Spain and France.[71] Since 15 December 2013 the French SNCF operates a TGV service between Paris and Barcelona and the Spanish AVE offers direct Madrid–Marseille, Barcelona–Lyon and Barcelona–Toulouse high-speed services.[72][73] The journey time for the TGV Paris–Barcelona service is now 6h 25min.[74] A 60 kilometer Nîmes–Montpellier bypass is under construction and will chop 20 minutes off travel times from Barcelona to Lyon and beyond.[75] There is on the other hand currently no funding for the missing segment of high-speed line between Montpellier and Perpignan, which would cut journey times between the two countries by an additional hour.
Another high-speed rail link connecting the two countries is planned via Irun/Hendaye, but is not currently funded.
Crossing the Alps
The north–south axis has been improved by the Swiss NRLA project already in 2007 with the Lötschberg Base Tunnel and in 2016 with the currently world's longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel.
Further international links between Italy and France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia are under way. These links all incorporate extensive new tunnelling under the Alps. European Union funding has already been approved for the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway, which will connect the TGV and TAV networks, and for a link with Slovenia. In Slovenia, Pendolino-based trainsets are operated by Slovenian Railways as the InterCitySlovenija. Trains connect the capital Ljubljana with Maribor and also with Koper in the summer months. One unit operated as EC Casanova on the line Ljubljana–Venice, but this service was discontinued in April 2008.
Between Austria and Italy, the Brenner Base Tunnel is being constructed to upgrade the Berlin–Palermo railway axis.
Future projects adjacent to existing high-speed services
Magistrale for Europe
The Magistrale for Europe (MoE) is an initiative to promote railway expansion between Paris and Bratislava/Budapest, passing Strasbourg and Munich.[76] Founded in 1990, the initiative is supported by numerous cities and regions along the line.[77] Several railway projects, such as the LGV Est and Rastatt tunnel, have been promoted through the initiative.[78]
Austria
Шаблон:Main The Western Railway between the capital Vienna and Salzburg is being upgraded. Most new sections have a continuous maximum design speed of Шаблон:Convert.[79] German and Austrian ICE trains operate at a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert, as do Austrian locomotive-hauled trains (called railjet) which were launched in 2008.
The Шаблон:Convert Brenner Base Tunnel under construction will allow speeds of up to Шаблон:Convert.[80][81] The first part of the New Lower Inn Valley railway was opened in December 2012 as part of an upgrade of the line connecting the future Brenner Base Tunnel and southern Germany, which is being upgraded from two tracks to four and to a maximum design speed of Шаблон:Convert. The section is also part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis.
The Koralm Railway, the first entirely new railway line in the Second Austrian Republic has been under construction since 2006. It includes a new Шаблон:Convert tunnel (the Koralm Tunnel) connecting the cities of Klagenfurt and Graz. Primarily built for intermodal freight transport, it will also be used by passenger trains travelling at up to Шаблон:Convert. The time taken to travel from Klagenfurt to Graz will be reduced from three hours to one hour. The Koralmbahn is expected to be operational by 2025.
| Line | Operating speed (max) | Length | Construction began | Service started |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Railway (Vienna - Attnang-Puchheim) | Шаблон:Convert (per sections)Шаблон:Clarify[82] |
Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (past) | 1990 (Linz - Wels) to 2016 (Ybbs - Amstetten)[82] |
| New Lower Inn Valley railway (Kundl - Baumkirchen) | Шаблон:Cvt[82] | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (past) | 9 December 2012 |
| Marchegger Eastern railway (upgrade Vienna Stadlau - Slovakian border) | Шаблон:Convert[82] | Шаблон:Cvt[82] | Unknown (past) | 2022 (expected)[82] |
| Pottendorfer line (upgrade & new Vienna Inzersdorf Ort - Wr. Neustadt) | Шаблон:Cvt[82] | Unknown (past) | 2023 (expected)[82] | |
| Koralm Railway (Graz - Klagenfurt) | Шаблон:Convert[82] | Шаблон:Cvt | 2001 | 2025 (expected)[82][83] |
| Semmering Base Tunnel (Gloggnitz - Mürzzuschlag) | Шаблон:Convert[82] | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2030 (expected)[84] |
| Brenner Base Tunnel & its Austrian access (Volders-Baumkirchen - Italian border) | Шаблон:Convert[82] | Шаблон:Cvt[82] | Summer 2006 | 2032 (expected)[85][86] |
| North Railway (upgrade Gänserndorf - Břeclav, Czech Republic) | Шаблон:Convert[82] | Шаблон:Cvt[82] | 2024 (expected)[82] | 2030 (expected) |
| Western Railway (new line Köstendorf - Salzburg) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2025/2026 (expected) | 2040 (expected) |
| New Lower Inn Valley railway (Kundl - Brannenburg, Germany) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown (future) | Unknown (future) |
Switzerland
The French-Swiss co-operation TGV Lyria and German ICE lines extend into Switzerland, but given the dense rail traffic and the often difficult terrain, they do not attain speeds higher than Шаблон:Convert (ICE3) or Шаблон:Convert (TGV, ICE1, ICE2). The fastest Swiss train is the SBB RABe 501 also named Giruno. It is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways since May 2016. They can reach higher speeds than conventional trains on the curve-intensive Swiss network, however the top speed of Шаблон:Convert can only be reached on high-speed lines. The former Cisalpino consortium owned by the Swiss Federal Railways and Trenitalia used Pendolino tilting trains on two of its international lines. These trains are now operated by the Swiss Federal Railways and Trenitalia.
To address transalpine freight and passenger bottlenecks on its roads and railways, Switzerland launched the Rail2000 and NRLA projects.
| Line | Service speed (passenger) | Design speed | Length | Construction began | Construction completed or start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mattstetten–Rothrist new line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1996 | 2004 |
| Solothurn-Wanzwil new line | Per section: | Per section: | Шаблон:Cvt | ? | 2004 |
| Lötschberg Base Tunnel | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 1994 | 2007 |
| Gotthard Base Tunnel | Normal:
If delay: |
Technical:
Authorized: |
Шаблон:Cvt | 1999 | 2016 |
| Ceneri Base Tunnel | Normal:
If delay: |
Technical:
Authorized: |
Шаблон:Cvt | 2006 | 2020 |
Nordic countries
Denmark
Denmark is currentlyШаблон:When building two high-speed corridors: an international corridor linking Sweden to Germany through Copenhagen South, and a national corridor aiming to reduce travel times between the five biggest cities to less than one hour.
Denmark's two biggest cities, Copenhagen and Aarhus, are about Шаблон:Convert apart. There is a political target to reach a two-hour traveling time between them, and Шаблон:Convert is set as a target speed.[87] Some parts are planned to be rerouted because the present railway is too curvy. These new sections are to designed for at least Шаблон:Convert.
The top speed of some small sections of the main lines is Шаблон:Convert,[88] but trains quickly pass through these and return to slower sections around Шаблон:Convert. Most parts of the rail network are unelectrified – thus slowing acceleration and top speed.[89] Since 2007 it has been common practice for the infrastructure provider Banedanmark to pad the timetables with extra time to a near European recordШаблон:Clarify, so that trains only use the top speeds to make up for lost time.[90][91] Some of the rolling stock running on the Danish rail network is capable of reaching Шаблон:Convert, the SJ 2000 and the IC4 (the IC4 is only allowed up to 180 km/h or 112 mph in regular operation).
Denmark's signalling system, which contains numerous obsolete components, is being replaced with ERTMS 2, to be finished in 2030. This is a requirement for speeds higher than Шаблон:Convert.[92][93]
The railway line from Ringsted towards the future Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link was upgraded to a Шаблон:Convert double-tracked line in 2021.[94] Once the fixed link project is completed, Denmark will be able to link the Swedish high-speed lines with the rest of the European high-speed rail network. As Germany is electrifying and upgrading the Lübeck–Puttgarden railway from the current limit of between Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert, the only non-highspeed section will be Lübeck–Hamburg.
In 2013 the Danish Government (consisting of the parties: the Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party) along with the supporting party Red–Green Alliance and the opposition party Danish People's Party entered an ambitious political agreement on the infrastructure project called "The Train Fund DK". The main component of the agreement is to raise taxes on the oil companies operating in the Danish parts of the North Sea in order to raise 2,8 billion poundsШаблон:Clarify earmarked for railway upgrades. The first priority is to reduce the travel time between Denmark's two biggest cities, Copenhagen and Aarhus to two hours. This includes upgrading all main lines to handle speeds up to Шаблон:Convert and building three new high-speed lines with speeds up to Шаблон:Convert, which later can be upgraded to Шаблон:Convert. Furthermore, all main lines and many regional lines will be electrified.[95][96]
| Line | Operating speed | Length | Construction began | Start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Øresund fixed link | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 1995 | 2000 |
| Copenhagen–Ringsted Line[97] | Шаблон:Convert (currently Шаблон:Convert) |
Шаблон:Convert | 2011 | June 2019 at Шаблон:Convert;[98] upgrade to Шаблон:Convert expected in 2023 |
| Ringsted–Fehmarn (part of Vogelfluglinie)[99] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2013 | Expected 2029[100] |
Finland
Шаблон:See also In Finland the national railway company VR operates tilting Alstom Pendolino trains. The trains reach their maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert in regular operation on a Шаблон:Convert route between Kerava and Lahti. This portion of track was opened in 2006. The trains can run at Шаблон:Convert on a longer route between Helsinki and Seinäjoki and peak at that speed between Helsinki and Turku.[101] The main railway line between Helsinki and Oulu is being upgraded between Seinäjoki and Oulu to allow for trains to run at speeds between Шаблон:Convert.[102] Other parts of the Finnish railway network are limited to lower speed.
Between 2007 and 2010 the Russian line from the Finnish border to Saint Petersburg was electrified and improved to allow higher running speeds. The Finnish line (Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway) was also upgraded where needed, mostly to Шаблон:Convert. In 2010, a new service called Allegro started between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, using the improved network. The service has a journey time of 3½ hours. It utilizes a new Pendolino model, supporting both Finnish and Russian standards.[103][104] Four new trains have been delivered, with a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. As of 2022, the service is on hold, a consequence of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[105]
The planned Helsinki–Turku high-speed railway featuring new track from Espoo to Salo would be capable of maximum speeds of Шаблон:Convert, making this the fastest railway in Finland once built.
| Line | Speed | Length | Construction began | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELSA-rata (Espoo-Salo Railway) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Planned | 2031 |
Iceland
A Шаблон:Convert long railway, the first in Iceland, has been proposedШаблон:Fix to link Keflavík International Airport to the capital city of Reykjavík in order to relieve one of the country's busiest roads. The railway would accommodate high-speed trains of up to Шаблон:Convert, with an average speed of Шаблон:Convert, which would enable the distance to be travelled within just 18 minutes. As of 2022, the project had not advanced beyond the proposal stage.[106]
Compared to widening the road, it would be more expensive (in the context of the country's relatively small economy), more environmentally destructive, and probably more vulnerable to adverse weather conditions.
| Line | Speed | Length | Construction began | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reykjavik—Airport Rail Link | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Proposed | 2025Шаблон:Dubious |
Norway
Шаблон:Main Norway has several high speed stretches radiating from Oslo. These have speeds ranging from Шаблон:Convert. Several new railroad stretches are under construction and the complete Intercity triangle from Oslo will be finished by 2030.
Norway's only high-speed line is the Шаблон:Convert Gardermobanen (The Gardermoen Railway), which links Oslo Airport (OSL) with the metropolitan areas of Oslo. Here the Flytoget (the Airport Express Train) and some of the NSB (Norwegian State Railways) trains operate at speeds of up to Шаблон:Convert.[107] Gardermobanen contributes to give rail transport a relatively high market share. Almost 38% of the OSL passengers come by train, about 21% by bus, and about 40% by car.
Some more new high-speed lines are planned to be built in the Oslo region, during the 2010 and 2020 decades. Today, however, only small parts of Norway's rail network permit speeds faster than Шаблон:Convert.
There is a political climate for building more high-speed railway services in Norway, including long-distance lines from Oslo to Trondheim, Bergen, Stavanger and Gothenburg. They are assumed to be dedicated single-track high-speed railways having up to Шаблон:Convert. This is still at the feasibility planning stages.[108]
The Norwegian government is examining five lines radiating out from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand/Stavanger, Trondheim, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. A sixth line would be a coastal line between Bergen, Haugesund and Stavanger. At least two investigations on cost and benefit have been made. A more indepth analysis covering route analysis of the 6 lines will be made on order by the Norwegian government beginning late 2010.[109]
The closest Шаблон:Convert from Oslo on each of these lines have good potential for regional trains (except towards Stockholm). Upgrade and new construction to high-speed standard have to some extent already taken place like for Gardermobanen. More is being built and is planned, but with the present ambition it will take decades to have high-speed standard the closest Шаблон:Convert from Oslo on all these lines. The ambition is to some day have Шаблон:Convert or more to Halden, Skien, Hønefoss and Hamar. These projects have higher priority than the long-distance projects. They are also preconditions for the long-distance projects, since they will be used by long-distance trains.
| Line | Speed | Length | Construction began | Start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drammen–Tønsberg | Шаблон:Convert | ≈Шаблон:Convert | 1993 | 2012–≈2025 |
| Eidsvoll–Hamar | ≈Шаблон:Convert | 2012 | 2015–≈2025 | |
| Oslo–Ski | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 | 11 December 2022 |
Parts of the new built route Drammen–Tønsberg is in operation with trains (Stadler FLIRT) capable of 200 km/h.
Sweden
Шаблон:Main Newly built lines such as the West Coast Line, the Svealand line and the Bothnia line of the network can be relatively easily upgraded to Шаблон:Convert. This requires new signalling system, new trains and perhaps other minor efforts. The old main lines are difficult to upgrade due costs for increasing the bearing of the track. Most bridges and long sections of the main lines need to be rebuilt to allow Шаблон:Convert.
There are investigations regarding high-speed trains in Sweden, and to evaluate if the Western and Southern Mainline should be upgraded to Шаблон:Convert or if a whole new network of high-speed railway for Шаблон:Convert should be built between Stockholm–Linköping–Jönköping–Gothenburg and between Jönköping–Malmö–Copenhagen. The plan is to ease the situation on the existing railways that are relatively congested, combined with better travel times between both the largest three cities in Sweden, as well as fast regional trains between the cities along the routes (which today in many cases have no or slow railways).
An informal date suggestion by the Banverket is operation by year 2030. For two parts (Södertälje–Linköping and Mölnlycke–Bollebygd) detailed planning is done, and they are expected to have construction start by around 2017 and be in operation by around 2025.[110][111]
Many of the newly built railway lines in Sweden are adapted for speeds up to Шаблон:Convert, such as Botniabanan, Grödingebanan, Mälarbanan, Svealandsbanan, Västkustbanan, and Vänernbanan.[112] The problem that is slowing down high-speed rail in Sweden is the present signaling system (ATC), which does not allow speeds over Шаблон:Convert. It can be upgraded, but it will not be done since it shall be replaced by the European signaling system ERTMS level 2 on major lines in the near future, allowing high speeds up to Шаблон:Convert.[113] ERTMS level 2 has been installed and is being tried out on Botniabanan, and that railway allows Шаблон:Convert, although no passenger train goes above Шаблон:Convert for now. The train set X55-Regina has been delivered to the rail company SJ with the max speed of Шаблон:Convert but with the option to upgrade the EMU to Шаблон:Convert when possible.[114] These trains haven't got increased speed as of 2022, but SJ has in 2022 ordered new Zefiro trains which shall be able to go in 250 kph. Also the mix with freight trains slow down the practical speed.
There are five major high-speed projects proposed in Sweden with speeds between Шаблон:Convert.
- Norrbotniabanan, Umeå–Luleå, is a future major rail project that will be built for Шаблон:Convert with mixed passenger and freight traffic in northern Sweden, mainly to relieve the highly congested and old single track Main Line Through Upper Norrland increase freight traffic, and greatly speed up passenger traffic along the coast.[115]
- Ostlänken: Järna–Linköping, which would relieve the congested and slow conventional main lines on the stretch Järna-Linköping, Södra stambanan.[116][117]
- Götalandsbanan: Gothenburg–Borås–Jönköping–Linköping, connecting to Ostlänken. It would reduce travel time Gothenburg-Stockholm from 3.05 h to 2h, and much improve some regional travel times.[118]
- Europabanan: Jönköping–Hässleholm and Helsingborg. The discussed extension to Helsingør (Tunnel under Øresund) and Copenhagen, is now (2016) unlikely due to Danish resistance.[119]
- Hässleholm–Lund. The existing line is fairly fast at around 160 kph, but congested with mix of local and high-speed trains. A new parallel high-speed railway between these cities is planned in detail.
The three first listed and the last, but not Europabanan, have been prospected by Trafikverket. In several cases the detailed alignment have been decided. The Swedish Conservative government 2006–2014 showed little interest in major railway projects. But the socialist/environmentalist government has from 2014 started further negotiations on stations and other alignment. There is plan to start building Gothenburg–Borås and Ostlänken in 2019. The other railways are expected to be built some years after. As of 2022 there is no decision. A problem is that cost has been increasing a lot.
With the 2022 elections, the left-wing–green–liberal constellation lost its majority and a new right-wing government was formed, which cancelled the main high-speed rail projects in southern and central Sweden.[120]
South-east
Turkey
Шаблон:Main Turkey started building high-speed rail lines in 2003 aiming a double-track high-speed rail network through the country allowing a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert[121] Only the planned line between Istanbul, Edirne and Kapıkule is situated in the European part of the country.
The first line that was built aimed to connect Istanbul to Ankara (via Eskişehir) reducing the travel time from 6–7 hours to 3.5 hours. The Eskişehir-Ankara line started operating regular services on 14 March 2009 with a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert, being the first High Speed Rail Service in Turkey making the Turkish State Railways the 6th European national rail company to offer HSR services (although these are situated in the Asian part of the country). The Eskişehir-Istanbul(Pendik) line is inaugurated in 2014 and the line extended to Halkalı in European side with Marmaray project via Marmaray Tunnel on 12 March 2019.
The Ankara–Konya line construction began in 2006 and inaugurated in 2011. The travel time was cut to 70 minutes on this route. The Konya–Karaman route also began construction in 2016 and was inaugurated in February 2021. The construction of the Ankara–Kırıkkale–Yozgat–Sivas line began in February 2009 and inaugurated on 26 April 2023. The travel time between Ankara and Sivas is cut from 12 hours to 2.5 hours. Several other HSR line projects between major cities such as Ankara–Afyon–Uşak–İzmir, Ankara–Kayseri, Bilecik–Bursa–Bandırma, Istanbul–Edirne–Kapıkule (Bulgarian border), Karaman–Ulukışla and Mersin–Adana–Osmaniye –Gaziantep lines are in construction phase. In addition Eskişehir–Afyon–Antalya, Sivas–Erzincan and Aksaray–Ulukışla–Yenice lines are planned to be built in the coming years. The Antalya–Alanya–Konya and Erzincan–Erzurum–Kars lines are also in planning phase. The total length of constructed lines is.
The first 12 high-speed trainsets are ordered from CAF company, Spain. Several new trainsets from Siemens were also bought for the Ankara-Konya line, now operating in all HSR lines in Turkey.
| Line | Speed | Length | Construction began | Start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankara–Sivas | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2009 | April 2023 |
| Bandırma–Bursa–Osmaneli | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2012 | expected 2024 |
| Polatlı–İzmir | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | expected 2024 (Ankara to Afyonkarahisar) 2025 (İzmir) |
| Karaman–Ulukışla | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2016 | expected 2023 |
| Mersin–Adana–Gaziantep | Шаблон:Cvt | 2020 | expected 2024 | |
| Istanbul (Halkalı)–Kapıkule (Bulgarian border) | Шаблон:Cvt | 2019 | expected 2023 (Çerkezköy to Kapıkule) 2024 (Halkalı to Çerkezköy) | |
| Yerköy–Kayseri | Шаблон:Cvt | 2022 | expected 2026 |
Greece
Шаблон:Main Development of a modern rail network for Greece has been a major goal since the 1990s. In 1996, construction of what is currently known as the P.A.Th.E./P. was given the go-ahead. The line, which should have opened by 2004, would link Patras, Athens, Thessaloniki and the Greece–North Macedonia and Greece–Bulgaria borders in Idomeni and Promachonas respectively. The project faced lack of funding and construction difficulties. The Athens-Thessaloniki section has been finished, allowing a travel time of 3 hours 20 minutes, a reduction of three hours.
| Line | Speed | Length | Construction began | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patras–Athens–Thessaloniki–borders with Republic of North Macedonia & Bulgaria | Шаблон:Convert | approx. Шаблон:Cvt | 1994 | 2022 (parts already in operation) |
Hungary and Romania
November 2007, the two countries agreed to build a high-speed line between their capital cities Budapest and BucharestШаблон:Citation needed which would be a part of a larger transportation corridor Paris-Vienna-Budapest-Bucharest-Constanța. Шаблон:As of, the railway from Bucharest to Constanța support speeds up to Шаблон:Convert. The plan for a high-speed railway through Budapest-Arad-Sibiu-Brașov-Bucharest-Constanța was officially included in the revised TEN-T plan in October 2013 as part of the Rhine-Danube Corridor.[122] In 2022, the Romanian Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure announced a 120 million euros feasibility study for the construction of a high-speed line connecting Bucharest to Constanța and the Port of Constanța, as well as a line to Budapest, making use of the European Union Recovery Instrument following the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is planned to be finished by 2026. Two variants of the line to Hungary are studied, including one through the Olt river Valley, passing Sibiu, Cluj and Oradea with a length of 590 kilometres and an estimated cost of 17 billion euros. The second variant is a hybrid approach, which includes sections of lower speeds taking into account geographical aspects and economic profitability.[123]
Hungary and Serbia
As a result of negotiations between the two European countries and China, it was decided to build a high-speed line between their capital cities Budapest and Belgrade, as a part of a larger corridor Budapest-Belgrade-Niš-Skopje-Thessaloniki-Athens, by upgrading the current Budapest–Belgrade railway line to Шаблон:Convert in Serbia and to Шаблон:Convert in Hungary.[124][125]
The construction of the railway line in Serbia started in September 2017, when the construction of the Čortanovci tunnel began.[126] The Шаблон:Cvt railway for speed up to Шаблон:Convert between Belgrade and Novi Sad opened on 19 March 2022 (this part was divided in two sections: as of 2018, the Belgrade - Stara Pazova Шаблон:Convert section was planned to be finished in the end of 2020 and the Stara Pazova - Novi Sad Шаблон:Convert section in November 2021).[127][128][129][130] The construction of the Шаблон:Convert section between Novi Sad and Subotica (Hungarian border) was started on 7 April 2022 and is due to be completed for the end of 2024.[131]
The construction of the Hungarian part of the railway, Шаблон:Cvt, was started in October 2021 and is due to be completed by 2025.[132][124] When the project is complete, the journey between Budapest and Belgrade should be reduced to 2h 40mn according to some sources and to 3h 30mn according to some others.[127][125]
Serbia
After the realisation of a high speed line between Belgrade and Novi Sad, additional high speed connections within Serbia are planned as well as the modernisation of branch lines which will connect the main high speed line Subotica-Niš with neighbouring countries like North Macedonia and Bulgaria.
| LineШаблон:Citation needed | Speed | Length | Start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belgrade - Novi Sad | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 19.03.2022[133] |
| Novi Sad - Subotica | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction - end of 2024[134] | |
| Belgrade - Niš | Шаблон:Cvt | Construction to start in June 2023.[135] Completion expected for 2026 (partial) & 2029.[135][136] | |
| Subotica - Horgoš | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 01.08.2022[137] |
| Niš - Dimitrovgrad | Шаблон:Cvt | By 2025.[135] | |
| Niš - Preševo | Шаблон:Cvt | Early 2026.[135] |
Other high-speed projects
Several other countries in Europe have launched or planned high-speed rail programmes. Due to geographic challenges, these projects are likely to remain national in scope for the foreseeable future, without international links to existing high-speed networks.
Belarus
In 2017 Belarus authorities agreed to offer land territories to Chinese corporation CRCC for construction of a high-speed corridor between the EU and Russia through country territory. Chinese engineering companies are also interested in building highways and Russian high-speed railways running in connection with this route with possible interchange with the Moscow-Kazan high-speed corridor.[138]
The Baltics
A north/south Rail Baltica line from Tallinn to Kaunas is planned to be constructed starting in 2019 and in service by 2026. The line would connect Tallinn and Kaunas via Pärnu, Riga and Panevėžys, while also providing connections to airports and railway terminals. The railway will be the first high-speed, 1435mm standard gauge railway in the Baltics. From Kaunas, it will be connected to the already existing high-speed network in Poland. Project speeds are Шаблон:Cvt for passenger trains and Шаблон:Cvt for freight traffic. About 80% of construction costs (totalling ca. 5 billion €) will be covered by the European Union, the rest will be paid jointly by the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian governments. Indirectly the railway may also link Helsinki, as there are plans for a Tallinn-Helsinki railway tunnel.[139]
The project has been surrounded with controversy in all states, mainly due to environmental concerns and the cost of the project. According to surveys conducted to Estonia, public support remains around 60%, with the percent higher amongst people living in Tallinn and amongst people with higher education, while the percent drops in rural areas. Controversy has also surrounded the choice of route, with some proposing that the railway should also go through Tartu and Vilnius. However this has been dismissed as they are large detours, would increase the cost and bring no sufficient benefit.[140]
Croatia
Шаблон:Main With the highway construction programme in its final stages, the Croatian parliament has passed a bill to build its first high-speed line, a new Botovo–Zagreb–Rijeka line, with an initial maximum planned speed of 250 km/h.[141][142] The high speed rail will be ready by 2030.[143]
Czech Republic
In 2004, the Czech Ministry of Transportation presented its plan for a high-speed rail network which should be roughly Шаблон:Convert long.[144] In 2017 the government approved five main lines connecting the biggest cities (main line being the RS1 Prague-Brno-Ostrava) and neighbouring countries. The operation speed should reach more than 300 km/h (186 mph) on most parts. Different parts of the expected network are at different stages of planning as of 2023, however construction of some should start by 2026.[145]
The most challenging part of high-speed rail will be linking Prague and Dresden in Saxony via Ústí nad Labem which will require a new 25 km long tunnel through the Ore Mountains. It should have speed of 200km/h for personal transport and 110 km/h for freight transport.[146] The tunnel is of a strategic importance for Czechia as in 2023 the only electrified line linking Germany and the Czech Republic goes through the narrow Elbe valley which capacity is limiting. The connection between Prague, Dresden and Berlin lies on the European Orient/East-Med Corridor, an important freight link to the North Sea ports. The rail connection was added to the German Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015 (federal transportation plan) which lays out German transportation priorities until 2030, but it does not include the line in its highest priority category, making construction unlikely in the near term.[147]Шаблон:Unreliable source?
In regard to the rolling stock, the Czech Railways have been running the Super City Pendolino from Prague to Ostrava since 2005. The Pendolino is capable of operating at Шаблон:Convert, but trains that are in service are limited to Шаблон:Convert due to the speeds the railways were constructed for. These limits may be raised in the future to Шаблон:Convert. For example the last parts of 4th transit corridor (Prague–České Budějovice) are already projected for Шаблон:Convert.[148] The railjet rolling stock is also capable of Шаблон:Convert and reaches that speed in Austria and Germany but is likewise limited to Шаблон:Convert in the Czech Republic.
The Velim railway test circuit contains a large Шаблон:Convert track with a maximum allowed speed of Шаблон:Convert for tilting trains and up to Шаблон:Convert for conventional trains.[149]
Hungary
In September 2022 the Hungarian Government has announced the purchase of 39 + 10 trains (composed of 7 carriages each) and 50 Siemens Vectron locomotives with the purpose of upgrading up to 2/3 of the existing long-distance passenger fleet running on domestic and international InterCity services of the Hungarian State Railways. The project foresees services similar to those provided by ÖBB's railjet services running in Austria as well as abroad, including between Budapest and Vienna (and forward to Munich or Zurich). The company plans to offer upgraded InterCity services on the following lines:
- Budapest–Miskolc–Nyíregyháza–Szolnok–Budapest loop
- Budapest–Pécs
- Budapest–Kecskemét–Szeged
- Budapest–Győr–Vienna (together with existing ÖBB railjet services)
- Budapest–Lake Balaton southern shore
- Budapest–Lake Balaton northern shore (after the line's electrification)
- Budapest–Prague
- Budapest–Warsaw
- Budapest–Belgrade
- possible services to the states of the Southern Balkans[150]
The new rolling stock is capable of reaching running speeds up to Шаблон:Convert. However, currently the highest allowed speed limit in the country remains at 160 km/h on the Budapest–Hegyeshalom (Austrian border) line.
Furthermore, in January 2022, the Hungarian Government has also announced to conduct a feasibility study on a new high-speed line capable of reaching speeds up to 250–300 km/h between Budapest and Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, Romania.[151]
Ireland
In 2020 the Irish Government confirmed it will be launching a study into an approximately Шаблон:Convert high-speed railway from Belfast via Dublin to Cork and Limerick,[152] which could cost around €15 billion.[153]
Poland
Today, the main cities of Poland are linked by railway transport reaching Шаблон:Convert. On 14 December 2014, Polish State Railways started passenger service trains PKP Pendolino ED250 operating Шаблон:Convert speed on Шаблон:Convert line Olszamowice-Zawiercie (part of railway line called Central Trunk Line (CMK) from Warsaw to Katowice). Currently it is the line with highest railway speed in Poland. Several other sections of the Central Trunk Line will soon allow speeds of Шаблон:Convert (with a current speed record set up by Pendolino Train on 21 November 2013 in Poland of Шаблон:Convert). According to recent plans of PKP-PLK, sections of CMK between Warsaw and Gdańsk (Шаблон:Convert) and Warsaw-Kraków (additional Шаблон:Convert) will be added to present section from no later than December 2015. That will make about Шаблон:Convert of railways available for speed of Шаблон:Convert. Other sections will start operating at Шаблон:Convert in 2016.
Polish Railways for many years did not possess the rolling stock to achieve speeds over Шаблон:Convert. Polish Railways planned to buy Pendolino trains in 1998, but the contract was cancelled the following year by the Supreme Control Chamber due to financial losses by Polish Railways. However, a new contract with Alstom Transport worth 665 million euros was signed in May 2011 and since December 2014, 20 Pendolino units service the Katowice/Kraków–Gdynia line and Wrocław/Warsaw line. However, Pendolinos in Poland are not equipped with tilting system, which would not be very useful on the flat Polish Plains. The lack of a tilting system for the Pendolino train along with choosing Alstom Transportation despite domestic train producers was a subject of broad debate in media and Polish Railways were heavily criticised for that purchase.
Other current plans call for a 'Y' line that will connect Warsaw, Łódź and Kalisz, with branches to Wrocław and Poznań. The geometric layout of the line will be designed to permit speeds of Шаблон:Convert. Construction was planned to begin around 2014 and finish in 2019. In the centre of the city of Łódź the 'Y' line will travel through a tunnel which will link two existing railway stations. One of them, Łódź Fabryczna, will be reconstructed as an underground station, work being scheduled to start in July 2010.[154] In April 2009, four companies qualified for the second phase of a public tender to prepare a feasibility study for construction of the line. In April 2010, the tender for a feasibility study was awarded to a consortium led by Spanish company Ingenieria IDOM.[155] The feasibility study project was granted €80 million in subsidy from European Union.[156] The total cost of the line including construction and train sets was estimated at €6.9bn and is planned to be financed partially by EU subsidies.[157]
In 2019, the program of the Solidarity Transport Hub (STH) or Central Communication/Transport Port (in Polish Centralny Port Komunikacyjny or CPK) was announced by the Polish government.[158] This project envisages the construction of 2,000 km of high-speed railways as well as upgrades to 3,700 km of existing railways to connect the largest urban areas in Poland and surrounding countries. A new airport in central Poland will serve as the main transport hub for the entire country, with travel time by rail of under 2.5 hours to nearly all major Polish cities.[159][160] The network will also connect Poland to the planned high-speed railway network of the Czech Republic and to Rail Baltica.
In 2020, the speed limit was raised to Шаблон:Convert on the line from Warsaw to Gdynia.[161]
Portugal
Since the 1990s, the Italian tilting train, the Pendolino, runs the Alfa Pendular service, connecting Portugal's mainland from the north border to the Algarve, its southern counterpart, at a speed of up to Шаблон:Convert.
High-speed connections between Spain and Portugal have been agreed upon and planned, but initial works had yet to begin when the projects were cancelled in 2012.[162] The Portuguese government had approved the construction of six high-speed lines from the capital Lisbon to Porto, from Porto to Vigo, from Aveiro to Salamanca, from Lisbon to Faro, from Faro to Seville and from Lisbon to Madrid, bringing the two countries' capital cities within three hours of each other, at a max speed of Шаблон:Convert.[163]
On 8 May 2010, The Portuguese Transport Minister signed off the 40-year PPP covering the construction of the Lisbon–Madrid high-speed line. The total cost was then put at €1.359bn for a double-track standard gauge line from Lisbon to the Spanish border. Also included was a broad gauge line from the Portuguese Port of Sines to the Spanish border. The line was expected to open by the end of 2013 and would reduce the journey time between Lisbon and Madrid to 2 hours 45 minutes,[164] the project however, was cancelled in March 2012.[162] In October 2020 the government proposed a 75-minute rail link between the country's two main cities, Lisbon and Porto.[165] Also, the Atlantic Axis of the Northwestern Peninsula–Eixo Atlântico do Noroeste Peninsular high-speed railway connection between Portugal and Galicia (covering all the main cities between Setúbal-Vigo) was favoured as of 2020.[166]
| Line[53] | Speed | Length | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lisbon-Évora-Spanish border (to Madrid) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert Évora-Elvas | New high-speed line Évora-Elvas (90 km) to be inaugurated in 2024 with Lisbon-Bajadoz service.[167] Initial project cancelled in 2012,[162] new project Évora-Spanish border announced in 2017.[168] |
| Lisbon–Porto high-speed rail line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Early project cancelled[162] and repurposed in 2020.[165] |
| Porto–Spanish border (to Vigo) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Initial project cancelled[162] and repurposed in 2020. |
Russia
Шаблон:Main Two experimental high-speed trainsets (designed for Шаблон:Convert operation) were built in 1974: locomotive-hauled RT-200 ("Russkaya Troika") and ER-200 EMU. The RT-200 set made only experimental runs in 1975 and 1980 and was discontinued due to unavailability of the ChS-200 high-speed locomotive – they were only delivered later. The ER-200 EMU was put into regular service in 1984. In 1992 a second ER-200 trainset was built in Riga. Both sets were in operation till 28 February 2009.[169]
Instead of these outdated domestic trainsets, imported trainsets have been in operation since March 2009. Siemens Velaro trainsets have operated since 2009 between Saint Petersburg and Moscow, at speeds of up to Шаблон:Convert and since 2010 between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, where service is limited to Шаблон:Convert. The Pendolino Sm6, similar to Finnish high-speed trains, began operation in 2010 between Saint Petersburg and Helsinki at up to Шаблон:Convert.
In February 2010 RZhD announced it would shortly release a proposal for a new high-speed line to be built parallel to the existing line between Saint Petersburg and Moscow due to congestion on the existing line.[170] In April 2010 it was confirmed that a new Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed line with length of Шаблон:Convert and running speed of up to Шаблон:Convert was envisioned, cutting the journey time from 3h 45m to 2h 30m. It is expected the line to include stops at both Saint Petersburg and Moscow region airports.[171][172] On 28 January 2011, Russia announced that the high speed rail link between Moscow and Saint Petersburg will be finished on time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The cost is expected to be "somewhere around" 10 to 15 billion euros, not including land purchases, said Denis Muratov, general director of High-Speed Rail Lines.[173] The state will shoulder up to 70 percent of construction costs, with the remainder coming from outside investors. Most of that money is likely to come from international financial institutions, including the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Muratov said. Sberbank, VTB and VEB may also be interested. In fact, construction of this new Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed line didn't start.
Instead of it, on 13 May 2015 the Russian government announced that China Railway Group Ltd will build a Шаблон:Convert high speed rail link from Moscow to Kazan by 2018 in time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup where Kazan is one of the cities that will host some of the football matches. The cost of the Moscow–Kazan link is estimated at $21.4 billion. Train travel from Moscow to Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, will be shortened to just 3.5 hours instead of the more than 14 hours that it takes now.Шаблон:Citation needed The opening date was later changed to 2020.Шаблон:Citation needed
| Line | Speed | Length | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moscow–KazanШаблон:Citation needed | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert initial section) | 2020 (postponed after crisis) |
In development
Cross border
| Countries | Line | Speed (km/h) | Length | Construction start year | Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria/Italy | Brenner Base Tunnel | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2006 | 2032 |
| Finland/Russia/Norway | Arctic Railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 2025+ | 2030+ | |
| Germany/Switzerland | Karlsruhe–Basel high-speed railway | Шаблон:Cvt | 1987 | 1993–2030 | |
| Germany/Czech Republic | Шаблон:Ill | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt+ | 2025 | 2030–2035 |
| Germany/Denmark | Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2021 | 2029 |
| Sweden/Denmark | HH Tunnel | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown | 2040 (guess) | |
| Portugal/Spain | Lisbon–Madrid high-speed rail line[53] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | Cancelled[162] | |
| Estonia/Latvia/Lithuania | Rail Baltica | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2018 | 2023–2026 |
| Estonia/Finland | Helsinki-Tallinn Tunnel | Undecided | Шаблон:Cvt | 2025 (estimate) | 2040 (guess) |
| United Kingdom/Ireland | Celtic Crossing | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt[174] to Шаблон:Cvt[175] | Cancelled[176] | 2030+ |
| Portugal/Spain | Porto–Vigo high-speed rail line[53] | Шаблон:Cvt | Cancelled[162] |
Country-specific
| Country | Line | Speed | Length | Construction began to begin |
Expected start of revenue services |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | Koralm Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2001 | 2025 |
| North Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 (upgrading) | |
| New Lower Inn Valley railway (extension) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 | |
| Belgium | Line 25N | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2012 | 2020–2027 |
| Line 50A | Шаблон:Convert | 2018 | Unknown (upgrading) | ||
| Line 96N | Шаблон:Convert | 1997 | Unknown (upgrading) | ||
| Czech Republic |
Prague–České Budějovice | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 | 2023–2026 | |
| Praha–Poříčany | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 | 2023 | ||
| Brno–Přerov | Шаблон:Convert | 2021 | 2025 | ||
| Ejpovice Tunnel | Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert planned) |
Шаблон:Convert | 2018 | 2022 | |
| Praha–Plzeň | Шаблон:Convert | 2016 (upgrading) | 2026 | ||
| Praha-Brno-Ostrava | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2027 | 2035 | |
| Praha-Beroun | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2028 | 2038 | |
| Brno–Breclav | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2027 | 2035 | |
| Hradec Králové–Polish Border | 2040 | 2045 | |||
| Denmark | Ringsted-Fehmarn railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2017 | 2029 |
| Ringsted-Odense railway (upgrading) | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 | 2029 | ||
| Kavslunde-Odense railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 | 2028 | |
| Germany | Rhine Railway Karlsruhe-Rastatt | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2013 | 2026 |
| Rhine Railway Offenburg-Basel | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 | ||
| Kinzig Valley Railway (Hesse) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2007 | 2021 (upgrading) | |
| Appenweier–Strasbourg railway | Шаблон:Convert | 2010 | 2023 (upgrading) | ||
| Frankfurt-Manheim | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2025 | 2030 | |
| Oberhausen–Arnhem railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2014 | Unknown (upgrading) | |
| Stuttgart–Wendlingen high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2014 | 2025 | |
| Ulm-Augsburg high-speed railway (parallel) | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 | 2030 | ||
| Hanau-Gelnhausen high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2025 | 2030 | |
| Lübeck–Puttgarden railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2022 | 2028 (upgrading) | |
| Lübeck–Hamburg railway | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 | 2027 (upgrading) | ||
| Berlin–Frankfurt an der Oder | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2027 (upgrading) | ||
| Bielefeld–Hannover high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 | |
| Uelzen–Langwedel railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 | |
| Regensburg–Passau railway | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 | 2030 | ||
| Berlin–Görlitz railway | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 | 2027 | ||
| Wunstorf–Bremen railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 (upgrading approved) | ||
| Stendal–Uelzen railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2030 | ||
| Greece | Egnatia Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2028+ |
| route to Albania | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Hungary | Serbian Border-Budapest | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2019 | 2023 |
| Italy | Verona–Brenner[20] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown | 2025 |
| Tortona–Genoa high-speed railway[20] | Шаблон:Convert | 2013 | 2023 | ||
| Naples–Foggia railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2012 | 2026 (upgrading) | |
| Netherlands | Rhine Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2023 | |
| Lelylijn | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | Before 2030 | |
| Norway | Drammen–Kobbervik | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2019 | 2025 |
| Nykirke-Barkåker | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 | 2025 | ||
| Kleverud-Åkersvika | Шаблон:Convert | 2022 | 2027 | ||
| Poland | Y-line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2021 (claimed) | 2027-2030+ |
| CMK Północ / PKP rail line 5 | Шаблон:Convert | 2025+ | 2030+ | ||
| Shortcut in PKP rail line 9 | Шаблон:Convert | 2020+ | 2025+ | ||
| Portugal | Linha do Sul (another section) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Convert | 2015 | 2030 |
| South Axis | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2015 | 2030 | |
| High-speed mainline | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown | 2030 | |
| Russia | Gor'kovskaya Railway (Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod) | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2021 | 2024 |
| Spain | Mediterranean High Speed Corridor: Andalusia–Murcia–Valencia–Catalonia–French border[52] | Шаблон:Convert | +Шаблон:Convert | 2016–2020–2030 | |
| Madrid–(Cáceres–Mérida–Badajoz)–Lisbon[53] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | Unknown | – | |
| L.A.V. Madrid–Santander[54] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | – | |
| León–Gijón high-speed rail line | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2009 | 2020+ | |
| Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2026 | |
| L.A.V. Burgos–Vitoria-Gasteiz | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2009 | 2023 | |
| Basque Y | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2023 | |
| Slovakia | Devínska Nová Ves-Czech border | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2017 | 2030 |
| Switzerland | Jura Foot Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (upgrading) | 2025–2030 | |
| Lausanne–Geneva railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (upgrading) | 2025–2030 | ||
| Simplon Railway | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (upgrading) | 2025–2030 | ||
| United Kingdom | High Speed 2 | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2017 | 2031 |
| High Speed 2 (phase 2) | Шаблон:Convert | 2022 (planned) | 2040 | ||
| Northern Powerhouse Rail | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2022 (planned) | 2035+ | |
| Reading–Taunton line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown (proposed) | Before 2043 | |
| Bristol–Exeter line | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2043 | |||
| South West Main Line | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2043 | |||
| Coventry–Nuneaton-Leicester lines | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2036 | |||
| Crewe–Derby line | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2036 | |||
| Waverley Route | Unknown | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2035[177] | ||
| Welsh Marches line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Before 2036 | ||
| Romania | Bucharest-Cluj | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2020 (originally planned 2019) | 2025 |
| Iceland | Airport Rail Link | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2022 (planned)[178] | 2025 |
| Finland | Helsinki–Turku high-speed railway | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | (planned) | 2031 |
| East Rail Connection | Шаблон:Cvt | (planned) | 2027+ | ||
| Sweden | North Bothnia Line | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2016 | 2028 |
| Götalandsbanan | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt | 2017 (delayed) | 2024–2030 | |
| East Link Project | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2017 (delayed) | 2033–2036 | |
| Örebro–Kolbäck | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2036 | |
| Ukraine | Polish border-Lviv-Kyiv-Odesa | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | 2021 (claimed) | 2030 |
| Ireland | Dublin-Cork Railway | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt | Early 2000s | 2023+ |
| France | LGV Bordeaux–Toulouse | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2019 (planned) | 2032 |
| LGV Bordeaux–Espagne (Dax to border) | Шаблон:Convert | Unknown | 2034 | ||
| LGV Montpellier–Perpignan | Шаблон:Cvt | 2021 (planned) | 2027+ | ||
| Ligne nouvelle Paris-Normandie | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Cvt | 2027 (approved) | 2035+ |
See also
- Milan–Paris Frecciarossa – a passenger railway service running between Milano Centrale and Paris Gare de Lyon[179][180]
- Rail transport in Europe
- Trans-European high-speed rail network
References
External links
Шаблон:High-speed rail Шаблон:High-speed railway lines
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