Английская Википедия:Highest temperature recorded on Earth

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The highest temperature recorded on Earth has been measured in three major ways: air, ground, and via satellite observation. Air measurements are used as the standard measurement due to persistent issues with unreliable ground and satellite readings. Air measurements are noted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Guinness World Records among others as the standard to be used for determining the official record. The current official highest registered air temperature on Earth is Шаблон:Convert, recorded on 10 July 1913 at Furnace Creek Ranch, in Death Valley in the United States. For ninety years, a former record that was measured in Libya had been in place, until it was decertified in 2012 based on evidence that it was an erroneous reading. This finding has since raised questions about the legitimacy of the 1913 record measured in Death Valley, with several meteorological experts asserting that there were similar irregularities. The WMO has stood by the record as official pending any future investigative results. If the current record were to be decertified then the holder would be a tie at Шаблон:Convert, recorded both at Furnace Creek and in Kuwait.Шаблон:Efn

Several unverified temperatures that exceed the current record have also been recorded. These include historical claims that were never authenticated due to the equipment available at the time and unverified scientific claims. There are also disproven amateur readings that have been posted on social media showing evidence of extreme temperature.

History

Файл:Death Valley Temperature July.JPG

Temperatures often top Шаблон:Convert at Death Valley during the summer months.

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, Шаблон:Convert above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight. Global surface temperatures as a whole have been monitored since the 1880s when record keeping began. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest registered air temperature on Earth was Шаблон:Convert in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in Death Valley in the United States, on 10 July 1913. This record was surpassed by a reading of Шаблон:Convert, registered on 13 September 1922, in ʽAziziya, Libya. Ninety years later, this record was decertified, making the former reading in Death Valley the world's highest official temperature again. The decertification of the former record in Libya has since cast doubt on the validity of the 1913 recording. If the 1913 record were to be decertified, the highest established recorded air temperature on Earth would be Шаблон:Convert, also recorded in Death Valley on 20 June 2013, and in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016. There have since been higher readings of Шаблон:Convert in August 2020 and July 2021, both at Furnace Creek, that are pending validation.

Measurements have also been taken in two other ways via ground and satellite readings. Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by Шаблон:Convert. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between Шаблон:Convert for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity. While there is no highest confirmed ground temperature, a reading of Шаблон:Convert was allegedly recorded in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972. Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture the occurrence of higher records but, due to complications involving the satellite's altitude loss (a side effect of atmospheric friction), these measurements are often considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers. Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of Шаблон:Convert, which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.

Issues

In the early 21st century, prior recordings for the highest temperature on Earth were investigated as probable misreadings. From 1922 until 2012, the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was Шаблон:Convert, registered on 13 September 1922, in ʽAziziya, Libya. This record was decertified by the WMO in January 2012 as persuasive evidence led to a faulty reading recorded in error by an inexperienced observer. The decertification of this former record led researchers to also investigate the former and current recordings made in Death Valley in 1913. One of the earliest objections came in 1949 by Dr. Arnold Court, who concluded that the temperature may have been the result of a sandstorm that occurred at the time. Court stated that "such a storm may have caused superheated surface materials to hit upon the temperature in the shelter." Modern weather historians such as Christopher C. Burt and William Taylor Reid have also claimed that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least Шаблон:Convert too high. The WMO has come out in support of the current record stating that "We accept that Death Valley temperature extreme record. If any new materials on it surface, we will be prepared to open an investigation, but at this time all available evidence points to its legitimacy."

Unverified claims

The following are unverified claims of extreme heat over the current world record of Шаблон:Convert. These include historical claims that were never authenticated due to the equipment available at the time and unverified scientific claims. Amateur readings have also been done through social media that claimed extreme temperatures which were later discredited. Videos were posted in one instance that allegedly showed street lights melting or trees bursting into flames. These were later disproven by meteorologists who tied the "evidence" to other unrelated prior events that had taken place. All of the recordings listed before 1972 were allegedly caused by a sudden localized increase in air temperature near the surface, known as a heat burst.

Date	Temperature °C/°F	Type	Location	Description
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	Cherokee, Oklahoma (United States)	This incident was recorded at 3:00 am (CT), and reportedly caused crops to desiccate in the area.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	Figueira da Foz, Coimbra (Portugal)	Within two minutes, a heat burst reportedly drove the air temperature from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	Kopperl, Texas (United States)	A heat burst is claimed to have sent the air temperature to near Шаблон:Convert, supposedly causing cotton crops to become desiccated and drying out vegetation. While it's possible the reading may have exceeded Шаблон:Convert, the thermometers designed to detect temperatures up to Шаблон:Convert broke.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	San Luis RC, Sonora (Mexico)	Mexican news agencies according to state archives.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	Mexicali, BC (Mexico)	An archived note from the Baja California State Meteorologic Agency claims a temperature of 58.5 °C. was recorded at San Luis, Sonora by a local meteorological agency (entry above). During the same day, another measurement was taken in the "El riito" community in Mexicali. This measurement was never completed as the reading stopped at 60 °C due to limitations of the thermometer used.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Unknown	Abadan (Iran)	An alleged temperature of Шаблон:Convert was recorded during a heat burst in Abadan, Iran.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Satellite	Oasis at Death Valley (United States)	See "History" section above.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Satellite	Dasht-e Lut (Iran)	See "History" section above.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Satellite	Flaming Mountains (China)	This reading was measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Ground	Port Sudan (Sudan)	A ground temperature of Шаблон:Convert was reportedly taken in Port Sudan, Sudan.
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Air	Beverly Hills, California Шаблон:Small	According to the Los Angeles Alamac, Шаблон:Convert was the hottest temperature historically recorded among 20 Los Angeles County weather stations. However, a nearby UCLA weather station less than three miles away recorded nothing close to this extreme claim. The Los Angeles Alamac has since stated "we offer no grounds for challenging these records."
Шаблон:Dts	Шаблон:Convert	Satellite	Dasht-e Lut, Шаблон:Small & Sonoran Desert, Шаблон:Small	Case studies published in May 2021 by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

See also

• Desert climate
• Heat wave
• Highest temperatures ever recorded
• Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
• Lowest temperatures ever recorded
• Orders of magnitude (temperature)