Английская Википедия:Highways in Poland
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Controlled-access highways in Poland are part of the national roads network and they are divided into motorways and expressways. Both types of highways feature grade-separated interchanges with all other roads, emergency lanes, feeder lanes, wildlife crossings and dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways differ from expressways in their technical parameters like designated speed, permitted road curvature, lane widths or minimal distances between interchanges. Moreover, expressways might have single-carriageway sections in case of low traffic densities (as of 2024, such sections constitute 3.5% of the highway network).
The development of modern highways began in the 1970s, but proceeded very slowly under the communist rule and for the first years afterwards – between 1970 and 2000 only the total of 434 km of highways were constructed (5% of the planned network).[1] Further 1050 km (13% of the network) were opened from 2001 to 2010, followed by 2773 km (34% of the network) constructed between 2011 and 2020.[2] It is planned to open about 3000 km (about 37%) in the 2020s, while the last 10% would be completed after 2030.[3]
Шаблон:As of, there are 5115,6 km[4] of motorways and expressways in operation (62% of the intended network), while contracts for construction of further 1030 km[5][6] (13% of the network) are ongoing.
Except for the single-carriageway expressways, both types of highways fulfill the definition of a motorway as characterized by OECD, WRA or Vienna Convention. Speed limits in Poland are 140 km/h on motorways and 120 km/h on expressways (100 km/h in case of single-carriageway expressway sections). Some motorway stretches are tolled.
Technical parameters
- Файл:Znak D9.svg Motorways are public roads with controlled access which are designated for motor vehicles only, and feature two carriageways with at least two continuous lanes each, divided by a median. They have no one-level intersections with any roads or other forms of land and water transport and have wildlife crossings constructed above the road. They feature emergency lanes and feeder lanes, and are equipped with dedicated roadside rest areas. Motorways are the only roads in Poland which use blue background on road signs - others use green road signs.
- Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg Expressways share most of the characteristics of motorways, differing mainly in that:
- Expressways are designated for lower speed than motorways. For example, the road curvature can be higher and the lanes are usually narrower (3.5Шаблон:Nbspm vs 3.75Шаблон:Nbspm). Emergency lanes can also be narrower (2.5Шаблон:Nbspm vs 3Шаблон:Nbspm) and in exceptional situations expressways might not have them at all.
- Expressways can have a single carriageway on sections with low traffic density.
- Motorways can have interchanges only with main roads and the distance between interchanges is typically not less than 15 km (or 5 km near major cities), while expressways typically have more frequent interchanges. In exceptional situations, expressways might not have dedicated feeder lanes on interchanges.
Formally, expressways are also allowed to admit a one-level junction with a minor public road in exceptional cases,[7] however in 2020 the last such remaining junction in Poland was reconstructed into a two-level interchange.[8][9][10]
Speed limits
| Maximum speed (km/h) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle | Файл:Znak D9.svg Motorway | Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 2-lane expressway | Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 1-lane expressway |
| Private car, motorbike, van up to 3.5Шаблон:Nbspt (does not apply if towing trailer) | 140 | 120 | 100 |
| Bus meeting additional technical requirements | 100 | ||
| Bus; a vehicle over 3.5Шаблон:Nbspt or towing trailer or carrying dangerous materials | 80 | ||
| Vehicle having equipment more than 1.5Шаблон:Nbspm forward of the driver's seat | 60 | ||
|
Motorbike (including towing trailer) carrying a child up to 7 years-old |
40 | ||
| Not allowed on motorways: pedestrians, bikes, mopeds, agricultural vehicles. Minimal speed on motorways is 40 km/h unless there are any extraordinary circumstances (e.g., snow, ice, or a car broken down). It is forbidden to stop except extraordinary situations, or travel backwards. Towing is not allowed on motorways, but is permitted on expressways. | |||
List of motorways and expressways
In 2004, the government published a document defining the planned highway network of length about Шаблон:Cvt.[11] Notable changes introduced in later amendments include re-routing S8 and adding S61 instead (a change related to the Rospuda Valley conflict),[12] introducing S16, S52 and A/S50,[13] as well as extending S5,[14] S8[15] and S10.[16][17][13]
The planned network consists of 16 major highways (over 200 km of intended length): A1, S3, S5, S7, S11, S17, S19, S61 running north to south and A2/S2, A4, S6/A6, S8/A8, S10, S12, S16, S74 running west to east, as well as 9 shorter highways:Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn [18][19][20][21][3]
| Файл:Znak D9.svgФайл:PL road sign D-7.svg 1) Highways and major sections completed | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | Years of construction | ||||||||
| A1 | Gdańsk (S6) - Grudziądz (S5) - Toruń (S10) - Шаблон:Nowrap - Gliwice (A4) - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaA1.svg | 566.6 km | 566.6 km | 100% | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| A2 S2 |
Main section: Шаблон:Nowrap - S3 - Poznań Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaA2.svg | 489.7 kmШаблон:Efn | Файл:Znak D9.svg 454.9 km Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 34.8 km |
100% | mainly Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| S3 | Main section: Szczecin (A6) - Шаблон:Nowrap - Jordanowo (A2) - Zielona Góra - Lubin - Legnica (A4) |
Файл:NowaMapaS3.svg | 301.9 kmШаблон:Efn | 301.9 km | 100% | 2008 – 2021 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| A4 | Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Opole - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaA4.svg | 669 km | 669 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
100% | 1976 – 2016 | |||||||
| S5 | Main section: Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS5.svg | 340.3 kmШаблон:Efn | 340.3 km | 100% | 2009 – 2022 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| S8 A8 |
Main section: Wrocław (A4) - Łódź (A1) - Piotrków T. - Warsaw Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS8.svg | 548.2 kmШаблон:Efn | Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 525.5 km Файл:Znak D9.svg 22.7 km |
100% | 2008 – 2019 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| S14 | Шаблон:Nowrap | Łódź Шаблон:Nowrap |
40.2 km | 40.2 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
100% | 2010 – 2023 | |||||||
| S17 | Main section: Warsaw (A2) – Lublin (S12/S19) |
Файл:NowaMapaS17.svg | 150 kmШаблон:Efn | 150 km | 100% | 2010 – 2020 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| A18 | Шаблон:Nowrap – Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaA18.svg | 76.5 km | 76.5 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
100% | 2004 – 2006 2020 – 2023 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| S22 | Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS22.svg | 52.2 km | Шаблон:Nowrap single carriageway |
50% | 2006 – 2008 Шаблон:Efn | |||||||
| S51 | Olsztyn (S16) – Olsztynek (S7) | Файл:NowaMapaS51.svg | 20.3 km | 20.3 km | 100% | 2009 – 2019 | |||||||
| S79 | Шаблон:Nowrap | Warsaw | 4.8 km | 4.8 km | 100% | 2009 – 2013 | |||||||
| S86 | Шаблон:Nowrap | Upper Silesia | 5.9 km | 5.9 km | 100% | 1978 – 1985 | |||||||
| Файл:Znak D9.svgФайл:PL road sign D-7.svg 2) Highways in development | |||||||||||||
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | In realisationШаблон:Efn | Of which under active construction | Scheduled year(s) of opening[6] | Tender | In predesignШаблон:Efn | ||||
| S1 | Pyrzowice (A1) - Mysłowice (A4) - Bielsko-Biała (S52) - Zwardoń - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS1.svg | 144 km | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
55.9% (61.8%) |
4.8 km + 3.7 km single carriageway |
2025 | ||||||
| (+ 44 km) dual carriageway road |
(94.1%) | + 7 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap is open to traffic) |
2024 | ||||||||||
| + 39.5 km (new route) |
+ 27 km (new route) |
2025 | |||||||||||
| A2 | Eastern section: Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaA2.svg | 168.2 km | 35.1 km | 20.9% | 100.8 km | 2024, 2025, 2028? | 32.3 km | |||||
| S3 | Northern section: Świnoujście – Szczecin (A6) |
Файл:NowaMapaS3.svg | 85.4 km | 50.9 km + 5.4 km 1st carriageway |
62.8% | 29.1 km + 5.4 km 2nd carriageway |
2024 | ||||||
| Southern section: Шаблон:Nowrap |
66.8 km | 47.7 km of which 3 km near the Czech border remain closed until connecting D11 is opened |
71.4% | 19.1 km | |||||||||
| S6 A6 |
Main section: Шаблон:Nowrap - SzczecinШаблон:Efn - Goleniów (S3) - Koszalin (S11) - Słupsk Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS6.svg | 402.4 kmШаблон:Efn | Файл:Znak D9.svg 28.1 km Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 217.2 km + 9.4 km 1st carriageway |
62.2% | 147.7 km + 9.4 km 2nd carriageway |
2024, 2025 | ||||||
| S7 | Gdańsk (A1)Шаблон:Efn - Elbląg (S22) - Olsztynek (S51) - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS7.svg | approx. 674 km | Шаблон:Nowrap | 82.7% |
45 km (Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap except for Vistula bridge where 2+1 lanes are available with the middle lane's direction changing based on the times of day) |
2025, 2027, 2032? | Шаблон:Nowrap (reconstruction Шаблон:Nowrap | |||||
| (+ 58 km) Шаблон:Nowrap |
(100%) | ||||||||||||
| Warsaw Шаблон:Nowrap - Radom (S12) - Kielce (S74) - Kraków (A4) | Шаблон:Nowrap |
91.6% | 23.6 km |
2024, 2025 | |||||||||
| Kraków (A4) – Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | 56% | (2030?), 2038?Шаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | |||||||||
| (+ 25 km) Шаблон:Nowrap |
(100%) | ||||||||||||
| S12 | Eastern section: Lublin (S17/S19) - Chełm - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS12.svg | 103.7 kmШаблон:Efn | 29.2 km | 28.2% | 68.8 km | 14 km | 2025, 2027, 2030? |
5.7 km | ||||
| S19 Via Carpatia |
Шаблон:Nowrap - Białystok (S8) - Lublin (S12/S17) | Файл:NowaMapaS19.svg | 572.5 km | 18.5 km 1st carriageway |
2.9% | 187.6 km Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway |
15.5 km | 2025, 2026, 2027?, 2028? |
42.3 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
69.4 km | |||
| Шаблон:Nowrap | 141.7 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
94.8% (100%) |
16.3 km 2nd carriageway |
2026 | |||||||||
| Rzeszów (A4) – Шаблон:Nowrap | 11.4 km | 11.8% | 73.6 km | 42.6 km | 2025, 2026 Шаблон:Nowrap |
11.6 km | |||||||
| Файл:S52-PL.svg part 2 |
Kraków-Balice (A4) – Kraków‑Mistrzejowice (S7) | Kraków Шаблон:Nowrap |
18.3 km | 5.8 km | 31.4% | 12.5 km | 2024 | ||||||
| S61 Via Baltica |
Ostrów Mazowiecka (S8) - Łomża - Ełk (S16) - Suwałki - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS61.svg | 210.7 km | 197.8 km | 93.9% | 12.9 km | 2024/2025Шаблон:Efn | ||||||
| Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg 3) Highways partially in development | |||||||||||||
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | In Шаблон:Shy | Of which under active construction | Tender | Шаблон:Nowrap complete | In predesignШаблон:Efn | Planned Шаблон:Shy [21][3] | |||
| S8 | Southern extension: Kłodzko – Wrocław (A8) Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS8.svg | approx. 82.4 km | 5.1 km | 6.2% | 32.5 km | 36.3 km | approx. 8.5 km | 2031, mainly 2027 | ||||
| S10 | Main section: Шаблон:Nowrap - Bydgoszcz (S5) - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS10.svg | 297 km | Шаблон:Nowrap + 17.5 km 1st carriageway |
19.8% | 40 km + 10.9 km 2nd carriageway |
112 km | 37.8 km | 2030 | ||||
| + 39.5 km Шаблон:Nowrap | |||||||||||||
| S11 | Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS11.svg | 556.5 km | 154.4 km + 10.5 km 1st carriageway |
28.7% | 25 km | 67.1 km + 4.2 km 2nd c/w |
77 km | 2030 | ||||
| Шаблон:Nowrap + 6.3 km 2nd c/w | |||||||||||||
| S17 | Eastern section: Lublin (S12/S19) - Zamość - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS17.svg | 126 km | 9.6 km + 2 km 1st carriageway |
8.4% | 47.7 km | 44.3 km | 22.3 km | 2028 | ||||
| + 2 km 2nd c/w | |||||||||||||
| S74 | Sulejów (S12) - Kielce (S7) - Sandomierz - Nisko (S19) | Файл:NowaMapaS74.svg | 207 km | 6.7 km | 3.2% | 78.6 km | 9.7 km | 30 km | 92 km | 2030 | |||
| Файл:Znak D9.svgФайл:PL road sign D-7.svg 4) Planned highways | |||||||||||||
| Sign | Route | Location | Total length | Existing | In realisation | Of which under active construction | Tender | Шаблон:Nowrap complete | In predesignШаблон:Efn | Planned Шаблон:Shy [21][3] | |||
| S5 | Eastern extension: Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS5.svg | approx. 104.3 km | 14.3 km | 13.7% | approx. 90 km | 2033 | ||||||
| Western extension: Bolków (S3) – Świdnica – S8 |
approx. 50 km | 0 km | 0% | approx. 50 km | 2031 | ||||||||
| S6 | Western extension:Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Nowrap |
Szczecin Шаблон:Nowrap |
50.8 km | 0 km | 0% | 1.5 km | 49.3 km | 2030 | |||||
| S10 | Eastern section: Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap |
Файл:NowaMapaS10.svg | approx. 120 km | 0 km | 0% | Шаблон:Nowrap | 2032 | ||||||
| S12 | Western section: Шаблон:Nowrap - Radom (S7) - Lublin (S17) |
Файл:NowaMapaS12.svg | 185 km | 16.4 km + 6.0 km 1st carriageway |
10.7% | 29.1 km | 133.5 km + 6.0 km 2nd c/w |
2030 | |||||
| Файл:S16-PL.svg | Olsztyn (S51) - Ełk (S61) - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS16.svg | approx. 245 km | 29.7 km Шаблон:Nowrap 1st carriageway |
16.2% | 16.5 km | 19.7 km + 20.1 km 2nd c/w |
77.5 km | 2032 | ||||
| + approx. 81.5 km | |||||||||||||
| S17 | Marki (S8) – Lubelska (A2/S2) | Warsaw Шаблон:Nowrap |
17.3 km | 3.5 km | 20.2% | 13.8 km | 2032Шаблон:Efn | ||||||
| A50 A50 |
Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | Warsaw (2nd ring road) |
approx. 265 km | 0 km | 0% | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
2035 | ||||||
| Файл:S52-PL.svg | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap - Шаблон:Nowrap | Файл:NowaMapaS52.svg | 98 km | 37 km | 37.8% | 61 km | 2031 | ||||||
|
In total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highway type | Planned length | Existing | In realisationШаблон:Efn | Of which under active construction | Tender | Predesign complete | In predesign | No progress | ||
| Файл:Znak D9.svg | approx. Шаблон:Cvt | 1853 km | 88.83% | 100.8 km | 100.8 km | approx. 132.3 km |
||||
| Файл:PL road sign D-7.svg | approx. Шаблон:Cvt | 3090.1 km + 177.6 km km 1st carriageway |
52.72% | 870 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
443 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
397.7 km Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway |
1.5 km | approx. 1493.1 km Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway |
Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | |
| Total | approx. Шаблон:Cvt | 4943.1 km Шаблон:Nowrap 1st carriageway |
62.00% | 970.8 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
543.8 km Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap |
397.7 km Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway |
1.5 km | approx. 1625.4 km Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway |
Шаблон:Nowrap 2nd carriageway | |
As of 2024, the operational sections of highways utilize the following cross-sections:
- 7% (354 km) – motorways and expressways with 2x3 or (occasionally) 2x4 or 2x5 lanes,
- 89.5% (4589 km) – motorways and expressways with 2x2 lanes,
- 3.5% (178 km) – single-carriageway expressways, of which: 109 km with 1+1 lanes, 53 km with 1+1 lanes and dual-carriageway fragments (2x2) around the interchanges, 16 km with interchanging 2+1 lanes.
All single-carriageway expressways are constructed with allocated space for a possible upgrade to dual-carriageway and all bridges above such highways are prepared to accommodate the second carriageway. Most of those sections are planned to be widened to full profile by 2033, the exceptions being S1 (near the Slovak border) and S22 (near the border with Kaliningrad Oblast) where widening is currently not expected.[3]
Tolls
Since 2023, almost all highways are free for vehicles up to 3.5 tons of permissible maximum weight[22][23] (for a passenger car with a trailer, the joint permissible maximum weight of the car and the trailer must not exceed 3.5 tons[24]). On some sections, the old infrastructure for toll collection is still in place.
The privately-owned sections of A2 and A4 are tolled. In the closed system, there are toll stations on every interchange both entering and exiting the tolled section; the driver receives a ticket upon entering the motorway and pays on the exit, with the price dependent on the distance driven. In the open system, two toll stations are located at the ends of the section; a person driving the whole distance pays at both gates, while a person entering or leaving the motorway mid-section pays only at one gate. The following sections are tolled:
- A2 Rzepin – Poznań-West (managed by AWSA): 133 km, 48 PLN ($Шаблон:To USD), closed system. (The bypass of Poznań is free. In particular, it means a person driving through S5 or S11 does not need to pay for using the common section of A2.)
- A2 Poznań-East – Sługocin (managed by AWSA): 85 km, 60 PLN ($Шаблон:To USD), open system.
- A4 Mysłowice – Kraków-Balice (managed by Stalexport): 52 km, 26 PLN ($Шаблон:To USD), open system; it is possible to pay automatically using electronic toll collection by the Autopay mobile app,[25][26] which allows one to save much time by choosing the "fast gates" for e-toll, instead of waiting in the queue to the regular gates that support both manual and electronic toll collection. (The bypass of Kraków is free. In particular, it means a person driving through S7 does not need to pay for using the common section of A4.)
Vehicles over 3.5 tons and buses
Using e-Toll is obligatory for buses as well as all vehicles with maximum permissible weight exceeding 3.5 tons (including the trailer) while driving on the Polish roads (not just the highways). More details can be found on the e-Toll website.[27]
Traffic volumes
Traffic volumes in Poland note rapid increase since the fall of communism in 1989: the annual average daily traffic recorded in 2020 amounts to over 360% of the average traffic recorded in 1990.[28][29] With the increasing traffic, the length of overburdened single-carriageway national roads[30] had also been steadily increasing until reaching the maximum of 1389 km in 2010.[31] Due to the large number of highway sections opened between 2010 and 2020, in that decade the length of overburdened roads has fallen down for the first time in history, from 1389 km in 2010 to 1121 km in 2020.[29]
The latest general measurement was conducted in 2020, although some measurement days were moved to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic which would have caused the results from 2020 to be unreliable.[32] The following highways recorded the highest volumes:[33]
| Most busy highways in Poland (absolute numbers) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Section | Шаблон:Nowrap | Notes |
| 1 |
198'000 114'000 |
Шаблон:Nowrap | |
| 2 | S86 | 113'000 | S86 serves mainly local traffic between Sosnowiec and Katowice and is not part of Poland's transit network. 3 lanes per direction. |
| 3 | A4 in Katowice | 105'000 | A4 serves both the transit traffic (2 lanes per direction) and local traffic (2 lanes per direction). |
| Most busy highways in Poland (per number of lanes) | |||
| No | Section | Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap | Notes |
| 1 |
S8 in Warsaw serves both the transit and local traffic, and long jams form on it during rush hours. | ||
| 2 | S6, Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia bypass | 93'000 / 2x2 lanes |
Some decrease in traffic on S6 is expected after Tricity Outer Bypass (S7) is opened in mid 2025. |
| 3 | A4, Kraków western bypass | 85'000 / 2x2 lanes | Some decrease in traffic on A4 is expected after Kraków north-eastern bypass (S7/S52) is opened in mid 2025. Widening to 3 lanes per direction is planned in the future (after 2030). |
The other highest and lowest recorded AADT values were:
| Category | Section | Шаблон:Nowrap | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Most busy regular national roads in Poland Note: Measurements are not performed on national roads within the borders of major cities | |||
| Most busy dual-carriageway national road | DK7 north of Warsaw | 63'000 | Шаблон:Nowrap New parallel route of S7 is planned to be opened in the future (around 2032). |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | DK44 west of Kraków | 36'000 | Widening to 2 lanes per direction is planned in the future (after 2030).[34] |
| Шаблон:Nowrap within the planned highway network | DK19 north of Lublin | 28'500 | S19 is in realization (design-build), expected to be opened in late 2025. |
| Least busy highways in Poland | |||
| Least busy single-carriageway highway | S22 near Шаблон:Nowrap | 800 | The results cannot be considered fully reliable, because the measurement has been conducted while major restrictions in entering European Union via its external border were in force because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[29] |
| Least busy dual-carriageway highway | A4 near Шаблон:Nowrap | 1'800 | |
| Least busy highway excluding near-border sections | Шаблон:Nowrap | 3'900 – 6'400 | |
Substandard highways
Motorways and expressways constructed before 1999 do not have to fulfill technical parameters listed in the ordinance. As of 2024, one notable case of a substandard highway remains:
- A4 on the section Krzyżowa – Wrocław (Шаблон:Cvt) was constructed in years 1934 – 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany) and renovated in years 2002 – 2006. The road received new high quality surface but the geometry was kept unchanged and many overpasses above the motorway were kept. In effect, this part has no emergency lanes and the speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h. Its full reconstruction (and widening to three lanes per direction) is scheduled for years 2026 – 2030.[35]
Notable historical cases are:
- S3 near Szczecin (19 km) was opened in 1979 and it featured two at-grade road intersections, as the last such expressway section in Poland, until the reconstruction in years 2019 – 2020.[8][10]
- A6 near Szczecin (29 km) was constructed by Nazi Germany and kept using the original surface made of concrete slabs until the reconstruction conducted in years 1996 – 1999 and (easternmost fragment) 2017 – 2021.[36]
- A18 (70 km) had its southern carriageway constructed by Nazi Germany. The northern carriageway was constructed in 2004 – 2006, while southern carriageway kept using the original concrete slabs until the reconstruction conducted in years 2020 – 2023.
History
Before World War II
The first plans of creation of a national highway network in Poland were conceived in the interwar period:
The main promoter of this concept was Professor Melchior Wladyslaw Nestorowicz of the Warsaw University of Technology, who organized three Road Congresses, during which a group of specialists discussed the creation of the network. On March 5, 1939, in the trade magazine Drogowiec, Professor Nestorowicz proposed a very ambitious plan for the construction of almost 5,000 kilometres of category I and II roads, based on similar programmes in Germany and Italy.[37] Nestorowicz sketched a map of the future system with the following routes:
First class roads would, according to the plans, consist of the following motorways (totalling some Шаблон:Cvt:
- Warsaw - Łódź - 100 km
- Warsaw – Poznań - Polish-German border - 350 km
- Warsaw beltway - 130 km
- Poznań beltway - 80 km
- Gdynia – Bydgoszcz – Łódź – 500 km
- Łódź beltway - 90 km
- Bytow - Free City of Danzig border - 50 km
- Katowice – Kraków – Lwów - 375 km
- Warsaw – Lublin - Lwów – Sniatyn - Polish-Romanian border - 550 km
- Puławy – Sandomierz – Przemyśl - 175 km
Second class roads would consist of the following motorways, totalling another Шаблон:Cvt:
- Piotrków Trybunalski - Kielce - Sandomierz - 180 km
- Warsaw – Kielce – Kraków - 180 km
- Łódź - Kalisz - Polish-German border north of Wrocław - 130 km
- Warsaw – Grodno – Vilnius – Polish - Lithuania - Latvian border near Daugavpils - 575 km
- Grodno - Nowogrodek - Polish-Soviet border near Minsk - 190 km
- Bydgoszcz – Poznań – Częstochowa - 350 km
- Katowice – Cieszyn – Polish-Czechoslovak border - 60 km
- Ostrołęka - Polish-East Prussian border - 50 km
- Grodno - Polish-Lithuanian border - 40 km
- Grodno - Brzesc nad Bugiem - Krasnystaw - 300 km
- Warsaw – Brzesc nad Bugiem - 170 km
In 1934, Nazi Germany started the construction of their motorway system, parts of which today form A18 and A4 to Wrocław (Breslau), as well as A6 Szczecin bypass and S22 (parts of the planned motorway to Königsberg). About half of them were constructed as single-carriageway with the intention of adding a second carriageway in later years. However, after 1938, warfare expenses meant little money would be invested into any infrastructure and only one 9 km single-carriageway piece west of Gliwice (now A4) was constructed.
In Poland, a 28 km stretch between Warlubie and Osiek (now DW214) was constructed in 1937 – 1939 in the motorway standard of the time (today not considered a highway) with a concrete surface, which was designed by Italian engineer Piero Puricelli. The motorway was planned to reach Gdynia, but the outbreak of the Second World War halted the plans.
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:A4-PL.svg | Krzyżowa (Файл:A18-PL.svg) – Krzywa | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Krzywa – Wrocław | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | |||
| Wrocław – Brzeg (Owczary) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Southern carriageway only | ||
| Ujazd (Nogowczyce) – Łany | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Łany – Kleszczów (Gliwice) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:A6-PL.svg | Файл:Flag of Germany.svg – Szczecin-Zachód | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | |||
| Файл:A18-PL.svg | Файл:Flag of Germany.svg – Iłowa | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Southern carriageway only |
| Iłowa – Golnice | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:S22-PL.svg | Elbląg – Grzechotki | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Western carriageway only |
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt of which Шаблон:Cvt single carriageway |
Note: Signage of the roads at the time of opening was different. | |||
1945 – 1972
The Potsdam conference defined the borders for communist Poland, which were very different from the pre-1939 ones. It received the so-called Regained Territories from the former Third Reich with the aforementioned motorway sections (some of them with first carriageway only). Most of the motorway bridges were destroyed by the warfare, but only a few were repaired or rebuilt in the first post-war years. The bridge over Ina river was reconstructed in 1972, and those on S22 only between 1996 and 2003.
Apart from the bridges, almost all the motorways were left in the same condition as they were in 1945 until the mid-1990s. The only road left from Nazi times that was completed by the People's Republic of Poland was a one-carriageway small section between Łęczyca and Lisowo (15 km of what is now DW142), which was built on the previous works of Nazis.
At the post-war year there were very ambitious plans to make a motorway network for the whole Poland. For example, engineer Eugeniusz Buszma has published his propositions to the network in the magazine "Drogowiec" (1946, issue 1):
- East – West (Słubice – Warsaw – Białystok) – 680 km
- North – South (Gdynia – Warsaw – Balkans) – 650 km
- Silesia – Baltic I (Gdańsk – Łódź – Katowice) – 460 km
- Pomeranian (Gdańsk – Szczecin) – 280 km
- Silesian (Wrocław – Katowice – Kraków) – 190 km
- Mazurian (Kaliningrad – Elbląg – Malbork) – 20 km
- Silesia – Baltic II (Bydgoszcz – Wrocław) – 260 km
- Łódź – Wrocław – (Prague) – 310 km
- Katowice – (Vienna) – 60 km
- Poznań – Szczecin – 200 km
- Radom – Lublin – (Lviv) – 220 km
In total, the mileage, according to the proposal, would total more than Шаблон:Cvt.
After the addition of the sections built by the Third Reich the total network length had to be approx. 3700 km. In 1963 the Motorization Council at the Council of Ministers had presented the similar plan plus the motorways: Warsaw-Kraków-Zakopane, Kraków-Przemyśl, Warsaw-Bydgoszcz-Koszalin, Poznań-Koszalin i Warsaw-Terespol (approx. 1250 km). None of those plans were realized, however.
Despite announcing such pompous plans, no motorway was opened in the meantime.
In the 1970s
Only in the 1970s did any works start. In 1972 it was planned to build:
- the Gliwice-Kraków motorway (now A4)
- the second carriageway of the Wrocław-Gliwice motorway (also A4)
- the Warsaw-Katowice motorway (so-called "Gierkówka", now the S8/A1 road), in the near future
The plans were expanded in 1976 by the following sections:
- Tarnów – Kraków (now A4),
- eastern GOP (Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy) bypass (now S1, northern part),
- Bielsko-Biała – Cieszyn (now S52, southern part),
- Warszawa – Poznań (so-called Olimpijka, now A2),
- Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski (now A1).
In 1973 – 1976, "Gierkówka" dual carriageway from Warsaw to Katowice (Шаблон:Cvt) was built. Originally planned as a motorway, it was in the end constructed by adding another carriageway to the existing road, hence going through many villages and crossing with local roads. The part from Piotrków Trybunalski to Częstochowa (78 km) was constructed on a new route in a motorway alignment, but nonetheless the majority of the crossings between the highway and the other roads were constructed as one-level intersections with no viaducts or overpasses.
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:DK1-PL.svg | Piotrków Trybunalski – Częstochowa substandard (many one-level intersections), constructed on motorway alignment, not signed as a highway |
Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts |
| Файл:S6-PL.svg | Tri-city bypass (eastern carriageway) substandard (two one-level intersections, then reconstructed when adding a second carriageway in the 1980s) |
Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts |
| Rzęśnica (end of post-German A6 motorway) – Goleniów substandard (one-level intersections) |
Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt of which Шаблон:Cvt single carriageway | |||
In the 1980s
Near the end of the 1970s the first construction of motorways started and continued to the next decade. The roads opened in the 1980s were the first motorways and expressways which generally meet the contemporary standards (at least with respect to their more important attributes), although in multiple cases the poor quality of their construction forced major renovations to be performed as soon as within the first 20 years of operation.[38][39]
The major routes planned as motorways were A1, A2 and A4, while other main routes were planned as expressways. The implementation of these plans, however, came at a very slow pace: throughout the 1980s, only an average of Шаблон:Cvt of highways in the whole country were being opened per year.
| Шаблон:Nowrap average: 20.5 km / year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening | Notes |
| Файл:A1-PL.svg | Tuszyn-Piotrków Trybunalski | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Reconstructed 2019 – 2021 |
| Файл:A2-PL.svg | Września-Sługocin (Golina) | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Renovated 2002 – 2003 |
| Sługocin - Konin West | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:A4-PL.svg | Chrzanów - Kraków (Balice I) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Renovated 1999 – 2000 |
| Jaworzno - Chrzanów | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Kraków bypass (section Balice I - Tyniec) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:S1-PL.svg | Dąbrowa Górnicza - Tychy | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Файл:S6-PL.svg | Tri-city bypass (to Straszyn) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Second carriageway |
| Файл:S7-PL.svg | Kielce bypass | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | First carriageway |
| Файл:S86-PL.svg | Katowice - Sosnowiec | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | First completely done expressway |
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt of which Шаблон:Cvt single carriageway | ||||
In the 1990s
In the III Republic of Poland, planned S3 was promoted to motorway A3 (the decision was later reversed) and a plan was introduced (also later reversed) of constructing motorway A8 Łódź – Wrocław – Bolków (now S8/A8/S5). Szczecin bypass (A6) and section Olszyna – Krzywa (then named A12, now A4/A18) were promoted to motorways, even though at that time the majority of their lengths was in bad shape, laid with the original concrete surface from the 1930s with no significant works having been performed on any of them throughout the whole communist period.
In the 2000s
As of the beginning of 2000, the vast majority of national and international traffic routes were served by regular national roads with at-grade intersections and pedestrian crossings, most of them leading through the centres of cities, towns and villages, and most of them single carriageway. Only the following number of highways was present:
- about Шаблон:Cvt of modern dual carriageway motorways and expressways (3.5% of the network as planned nowadays),
- about Шаблон:Cvt of single carriageway expressways,
- about Шаблон:Cvt of not-resurfaced Nazi German motorways from the 1930s,
- about Шаблон:Cvt of not-resurfaced Nazi German motorways on sections where only the first carriageway had been constructed.
Before Poland received the EU membership
At the beginning of the 21st century, the tempo of highway construction started to increase. The main focus was on the west-east motorways A4 and A2. In 2002, a long-awaited renovation of the A4 from Krzywa to Wrocław (93 km) has started, which included laying new high quality surface in place of the Nazi German concrete slabs, reconstruction of all the pre-WWII bridges on the motorway and renovation of the viaducts above the motorway.
This is also the period when Poland started introducing motorway tolls, first in 2000 for the A4 section between Mysłowice and Kraków.
| Шаблон:Nowrap average: 57 km / year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signage | Section | Length | Start of construction | Opening | Notes |
| Файл:A2-PL.svg | Poznań Komorniki - Poznań Krzesiny | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Poznań Krzesiny - Września | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:A4-PL.svg | Bielany Wrocławskie - Brzeg (Owczary) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Southern carriageway reconstructed, northern carriageway constructed |
| Brzeg (Owczary) - Dąbrówka Górna | Шаблон:Cvt | ||||
| Dąbrówka Górna - Nogowczyce | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Dts | |||
| Nogowczyce - Kleszczów | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Southern carriageway reconstructed, northern carriageway constructed | |
| Chorzów - Katowice Mikołowska | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Kraków bypass (section ul.Kąpielowa - Wieliczka) | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Файл:S5-PL.svg | Śmigiel bypass | Шаблон:Cvt | ? | Шаблон:Dts | First carriageway |
| Файл:S6-PL.svg | Straszyn-Rusocin | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | Second carriageway |
| Файл:S7-PL.svg | Białobrzegi bypass | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | Шаблон:Dts | |
| Файл:S8-PL.svg | Ostrów Mazowiecka bypass | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Dts | ||
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt of which Шаблон:Cvt single carriageway | ||||
Poland in European Union
1 May 2004 was a crucial day for the history of motorway construction and that is when the length of highway constructions increased the most. One of the major advantages of signing the European Union access document was that Poland could get access to large funds for co-financing the construction of new roads and upgrades of the existing road infrastructure.
These years, the existing scattered pieces of highways began to converge into the basis of the future network:
- until 2004, Katowice and Kraków (linked by A4) were the only pair of Poland's largest cities connected by a highway;
- in 2005, A4 connected Wrocław with Katowice and Kraków, while in 2009 – with Germany;
- in 2006, A2 connected Poznań with Łódź.
A large number of expressway bypasses of towns were also constructed at this time. On many of them, only one carriageway was built, with the allocated space prepared for easy construction of the second carriageway later.
2011 – 2015
| Шаблон:Nowrap | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2011 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2012 | Шаблон:Cvt | Of which Шаблон:Cvt were opened before Euro 2012 championship |
| 2013 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2014 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2015 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt | Of which Шаблон:Cvt first carriageway, Шаблон:Cvt second carriageway |
The sections opened in 2011 – 2015 belonged to the following highways:
- Файл:A1-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (A1 on the section Gdańsk – Łódź was completed in 2014)
- Файл:A2-PL.svgФайл:S2-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (A2 on the section Germany – Warsaw was completed in 2012)
- Файл:S3-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S3 on the section Szczecin – A2 – Zielona Góra was completed in 2013, except that its older single-carriageway parts remained so until 2017)
- Файл:A4-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt
- Файл:S7-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt
- Файл:A8-PL.svgФайл:S8-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S8 on the section Wrocław – Łódź was completed in 2014)
- Файл:S1-PL.svgФайл:S5-PL.svgФайл:S6-PL.svgФайл:S11-PL.svgФайл:S12-PL.svgФайл:S17-PL.svgФайл:S19-PL.svgФайл:S51-PL.svgФайл:S61-PL.svgФайл:S74-PL.svgФайл:S79-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt in total
2016 – 2020
After the peak of investments before Euro 2012, very few new contracts for road construction have been signed in 2012 and 2013. This resulted in a small number of sections getting opened in 2015 and 2016, large share of which were the last delayed fragments originally scheduled for a Euro 2012 opening. In particular:
- In 2016, the last delayed fragment of Файл:A4-PL.svg between Kraków and Ukraine was opened, making A4 the first major Polish highway completed on its whole length, as well as the first complete border-to-border highway connection.
- Also in 2016, the delayed bypass of Łódź was finished, making Файл:A1-PL.svg completed on its whole route except for those sections where national road 1 had already been a dual carriageway (see In the 1970s), allowing for a significantly lower priority of constructing the remaining stretch compared to other highways.
Since 2014, the number of signed contracts has risen again, resulting in the number of road openings having risen again since 2017.
| Шаблон:Nowrap | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2016 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2017 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2018 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2019 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2020 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| Total | Шаблон:Cvt | Of which Шаблон:Cvt first carriageway, Шаблон:Cvt second carriageway |
The sections opened in 2016 – 2020 belonged to the following highways:
- Файл:S3-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt
- Файл:S5-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S5 on the section Poznań – Wrocław was completed in 2019)
- Файл:S6-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S6 on the section Szczecin – Koszalin was completed in 2019)
- Файл:S7-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt
- Файл:S8-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S8 was completed in 2019 on its originally intended route from Wrocław to Białystok; an extension to Kłodzko was later added to the plans)
- Файл:S17-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S17 on the section Warsaw – Lublin was completed in 2020)
- Файл:A1-PL.svgФайл:A2-PL.svgФайл:S2-PL.svgФайл:A4-PL.svgФайл:S11-PL.svgФайл:S12-PL.svgФайл:S19-PL.svgФайл:S51-PL.svgФайл:S61-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt in total (A4 was completed in 2016)
2021 – present
| Шаблон:Nowrap | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Length | Notes |
| 2021 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2022 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2023 | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| 2024 | Шаблон:Cvt | Sections already opened and ongoing constructions[40] |
| 2025 | Шаблон:Cvt | Ongoing constructions[6] |
| Total | Шаблон:Nowrap | Of which Шаблон:Cvt first carriageway, Шаблон:Cvt second carriageway |
The sections opened, or planned to get opened, in 2021 – 2025 belong to the following highways:
- Файл:A2-PL.svgФайл:S2-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt
- Файл:S3-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S3 is scheduled to get completed in 2024)
- Файл:S6-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S6/A6 is scheduled to get completed in 2025 on its original route from Germany to Gdańsk; western bypass of Szczecin will be constructed later as an alternative parallel route)
- Файл:S7-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S7 on the section Warsaw – Kraków is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
- Файл:S19-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S19 "Via Carpathia" on the section Lublin – Rzeszów was completed in 2022, except that its older fragment with 2+1 lanes will remain so until 2026)
- Файл:S61-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt (S61 "Via Baltica" is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
- Файл:A1-PL.svg, Файл:A18-PL.svg, Файл:S1-PL.svg, Файл:S5-PL.svg, Файл:S11-PL.svg: + 60–80 km each (A1 was completed in 2022; S5 on the section Grudziądz (A1) – Poznań was completed in 2022; reconstruction of the second carriageway of A18 was completed in 2023; S1 is scheduled to get completed in 2025)
- Файл:S12-PL.svgФайл:S14-PL.svgФайл:S16-PL.svgФайл:S17-PL.svgФайл:S52-PL.svgФайл:S74-PL.svg: + Шаблон:Cvt in total
Total length of motorways and expressways in Poland (end of the year)
| Year | Highways, total length |
|---|---|
| 1936 (then Nazi Germany) | 92 km |
| 1937 (then Nazi Germany) | 104 km and 38 km first carriageway |
| 1938–1945 (then Nazi Germany) | 133 km and 135 km first carriageway (further below not considered as a motorway until addition of the second carriageway) |
| 1939–1945 (Poland) | 28Шаблон:Nbspkm (today not considered as a highway) |
| 1945–1976 | 133 km |
| 1977 | 169 km |
| 1978 | 169 km |
| 1979 | 190 km |
| 1980 | 190 km |
| 1981 | 190 km |
| 1982 | 190 km |
| 1983 | 255 km |
| 1984 | 278 km |
| 1985 | 321 km |
| 1986 | 327 km |
| 1987 | 327 km |
| 1988 | 348 km |
| 1989 | 366 km |
| 1990 | 381 km |
| 1991 | 399 km |
| 1992 | 399 km |
| 1993 | 403 km |
| 1994 | 405 km |
| 1995 | 440 km |
| 1996 | 453 km |
| 1997 | 456 km |
| 1998 | 490 km |
| 1999 | 502 km |
| 2000 | 592 km |
| 2001 | 630 km |
| 2002 | 639 km |
| 2003 | 727 km |
| 2004 | 781 km |
| 2005 | 848 km |
| 2006 | 1013 km |
| 2007 | 1083 km |
| 2008 | 1282 km |
| 2009 | 1454 km |
| 2010 | 1560 km |
| 2011 | 1865 km |
| 2012 | 2495 km |
| 2013 | 2805 km |
| 2014 | 3100 km |
| 2015 | 3131 km |
| 2016 | 3252 km |
| 2017 | 3510 km |
| 2018 | 3811 km |
| 2019 | 4214 km |
| 2020 | 4337 km |
| 2021 | 4690 km |
| 2022 | 4933 km |
| 2023 | 5116 km |
| 2024 | 5258 km (forecast[6]) |
| 2025 | 5776 km (forecast[6]) |
| 2026 | 6006 km (forecast[6]) |
| 2027 | 6180 km (forecast[6]) |
| 2028 | 6570 km (plans[3][21]) |
| 2030 | approx. 7000 km (plans[3][21]) |
| 2033 | approx. 8000 km (plans[3][21]) |
| After 2035 | approx. 8175 km – full network (plans[3]) |
See also
- Classes and categories of public roads in Poland
- Шаблон:Section link
- List of controlled-access highway systems
- Evolution of motorway construction in European nations
Notes
References
External links
- General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (in Polish, some information also in English)
Шаблон:Motorways and expressways in Poland Шаблон:Motorways in Europe Шаблон:Roads in Europe
- ↑ Here and in the following figures, construction of 1st or 2nd carriageway is accounted as half-length for consistency of the summed results. Sections constructed by Nazi Germany are accounted for the dates of their reconstruction to modern highways.
- ↑ https://www.gov.pl/web/gddkia/mapa-stanu-budowy-drog4, more details: History
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Including joint design–build contracts. Of these Шаблон:Cvt in active construction.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The definitions and technical parameters of highways are defined in the Public Roads Act of 21 March 1985 (with later amendments): Шаблон:Cite web and the ministry ordinance of 2 March 1999 (with later amendments).Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ to Ostróda in 2015 and to Bolków in 2019
- ↑ to Kłodzko in 2019
- ↑ to Wołomin in 2015
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 https://www.gov.pl/attachment/f49c90ff-eb1c-469c-8ab4-04bf91ac7db0 Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ The measurement analysis defines a regular single-carriageway road as overburdened if recorded average annual traffic exceeds 15'000 vehicles per day, see Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://www.archiwum.gddkia.gov.pl/userfiles/articles/g/GENERALNY_POMIAR_RUCHU_2010/0.1.1.5_Synteza_GPR_2010.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Roads in Poland
- Lists of roads by country
- Poland transport-related lists
- Lists of buildings and structures in Poland
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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