Английская Википедия:Hiligaynon language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect-distinguish-text Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox language
Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisaya/Bisaya nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people.[1] It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.
It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines, despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012.[2] Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato (including General Santos), Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in Soccsksargen. It is spoken in other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Central Visayas, Masbate in Bicol Region, and southern parts of Mindoro, Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa.
It is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz, Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental,[3] and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon, Cebuano, Ilocano, Blaan, Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao.[4] There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.[5]
Nomenclature
Aside from Hiligaynon, the language is also referred to as Ilonggo, also spelled Ilongo, as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo. In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.[6]
Historically, the term Visayan had originally been applied to the people of Panay. In terms of language, Visayan is more used today to refer to what is known as Cebuano. As pointed out by H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people of Panay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, especially its western portion, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon.[7]
At the early part of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.[8]
History
Шаблон:Expand section Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("Шаблон:Lang") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes[9] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná).
The term Hiligaynon came from the root word Шаблон:Lang ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya/highlands).[10]
Dialects
Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, simply called Ilonggo, is the dialect that is used in the province of Iloilo, primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary.
For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is Шаблон:Lang, which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, Шаблон:Lang is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, Шаблон:Lang, ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become Шаблон:Lang.
Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area). [11]
Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as a Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon.[12][13]
Phonology
Consonants
Consonants Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: Шаблон:Lang ('to forgive') [from Шаблон:Lang, 'forgiveness'] but not Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang ('from where') [from Шаблон:Lang, 'where'] but not Шаблон:Lang.
Vowels
There are four main vowels: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA. Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (both spelled i) are allophones, with Шаблон:IPA in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and Шаблон:IPA in final syllables. The vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are also allophones, with Шаблон:IPA always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and Шаблон:IPA always used when it ends a syllable.
Writing system
Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script. Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino.
A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing Шаблон:IPA (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and the absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances).
The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety.
Alphabet
| Symbol | A a | B b | K k | D d | E e | G g | H h | I i | L l | M m | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | a | ba | ka | da | e | ga | ha | i | la | ma | |||
| Pronunciation | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| in context | a | aw/ao | ay | b | k | d | e | g | h | i | iw/io | l | m |
| Symbol | N n | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Y y | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | na | nga | o | pa | ra | sa | ta | u | wa | ya | |||
| Pronunciation | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| in context | n | ng | o | oy | p | r | s | sy | t | u | ua | w | y |
Additional symbols
The apostrophe Шаблон:Angbr and hyphen Шаблон:Angbr also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.
The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop Шаблон:Lang 'when' Шаблон:Lang 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: Шаблон:Lang 'daily, every day', from Шаблон:Lang 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in Шаблон:Lang 'bird'.
Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, to separate the letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word Шаблон:Lang 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as opposed to Шаблон:IPA.
In addition, some English lettersШаблон:Which? may be used in borrowed words.
Grammar
Determiners
Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + Шаблон:Lang (a contracted spelling for Шаблон:IPA), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.[14]
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular impersonal | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang* | Шаблон:Lang |
| plural impersonal | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang* | Шаблон:Lang |
| singular personal | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| plural personal** | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
(*)The articles Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang means the following noun is indefinite, while Шаблон:Lang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by Шаблон:Lang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech.
(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words.Шаблон:Clarify
The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the Шаблон:Lang-marked noun is always the topic.
| Шаблон:Lang | ≈ | Шаблон:Lang |
| 'The man ate the bread' | 'The bread was eaten by the man' (literal) |
Personal pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative₁ (Postposed) |
Ergative₂ (Preposed) |
Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2nd person singular | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3rd person singular | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1st person plural inclusive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1st person plural exclusive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2nd person plural | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3rd person plural | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Demonstrative pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative/Oblique | Locative | Existential | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nearest to speaker ('this, here') | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee ('that, there') | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Remote ('yon, yonder') | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'to come to the speaker', and Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'to go yonder'.
Copula
Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion Шаблон:Lang of Tagalog/Filipino or Шаблон:Lang of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Шаблон:Lang) are written without any marker or copula.
Examples:
Шаблон:Lang (Tagalog)
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara is beautiful.'
'Sara is beautiful' (English)
There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'It is nice to become rich.'
The Spanish copula Шаблон:Lang ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as Шаблон:Lang and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word Шаблон:Lang).
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'I live in tabuk suba'. Шаблон:Lang translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.
Existential
To indicate the existence of an object, the word Шаблон:Lang is used.
Example:
Hiligaynon linkers
When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker Шаблон:Lang links the two.
Example:
Шаблон:Lang
'black dog'
Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in Шаблон:Lang, '(the) good morning', and Шаблон:Lang, the greeting for 'good morning'.
The linker Шаблон:Lang is used if a number modifies a noun.
Example:
Шаблон:Lang
'six dogs'
Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronouns of Hiligaynon are as follows: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang means 'where'.
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'Where are you now?'
A derivation of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'Where are you from?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'when'
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'When is that?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'who'
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'Who is your friend?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'why'
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'Why won't you go?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'how', as in "How are you?"
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'How is the store?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'what'
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'What are you reading?'
A derivative of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, means 'how', as in "How do I do that?"
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'How can I get home?'
A derivative of Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:Lang, an archaic phrase which can be compared with Шаблон:Lang.
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'How art thou?'
Шаблон:Lang means 'how much/how many'
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'How many are with you?'
A derivative of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'What place were you born into your family?'
A derivative of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"
Example: Шаблон:Lang
'How much is this beef?'
Verbs
Focus
As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:
- The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
- The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
- The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
- The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:
- The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.
In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:
- (Шаблон:Lang 'man'; Шаблон:Lang 'to steal'; Шаблон:Lang 'rice'; Шаблон:Lang 'market'; Шаблон:Lang 'sibling'; Шаблон:Lang 'hand')[15]
Summary table
| TRIGGER | ASPECT | MODE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral | Purposive | Durative | Causative | Distributive | Cooperative | Dubitative | |||
| Agent | Goal | Unreal | -on | pag—on | paga—on | pa—on | pang—on | pakig—on | iga—on |
| Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø | ||
| Referent | Unreal | -an | pag—an | paga—an | pa—an | pang—an | pakig—an | iga—an | |
| Real | gin—an | gin—an | gina—an | ginpa—an | ginpang—an | ginpakig—an | ø | ||
| Accessory | Unreal | i- | ipag- | ipaga- | ipa- | ipang- | ipakig- | iga- | |
| Real | gin- | gin- | gina- | ginpa- | ginpang- | ginpakig- | ø | ||
| Actor | Unreal | -um- | mag- | maga- | ø | mang- | makig- | ø | |
| Real | -um- | nag- | naga- | ø | nang- | nakig- | ø | ||
| Patient | Actor | Unreal | maka- | makapag- | makapaga- | makapa- | makapang- | mapapakig- | ø |
| Real | naka- | nakapag- | nakapaga- | nakapa- | nakapang- | napapakig- | ø | ||
| Goal | Unreal | ma- | mapag- | mapaga- | mapa- | mapang- | mapakig- | ø | |
| Real | na- | napag- | napaga- | napa- | napang- | napakig- | ø | ||
Reduplication
Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used with nouns, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class.[17] Note the following examples.
Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5).[18]
When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Superlatives can also be created through prefixation of Шаблон:Lang to the root, as in Шаблон:Lang.[19]
While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), Шаблон:Lang, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), Шаблон:Lang suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated Шаблон:Lang implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.[20]
Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-end
Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-end
Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Col-end
Vocabulary
Derived from Spanish
Hiligaynon has a large number of words derived from Spanish including nouns (e.g., Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang, 'saint'), adjectives (e.g., Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang, 'green'), prepositions (e.g., Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang, 'before'), and conjunctions (e.g., Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang, 'but').
Nouns denoting material items and abstract concepts invented or introduced during the early modern era include Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'ship'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'shoes'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'knife'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'spoon'), Шаблон:Lang ('fork'), Шаблон:Lang ('plate'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'shirt'), and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'change', as in money). Spanish verbs are incorporated into Hiligaynon in their infinitive forms: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang. The same holds true for other languages such as Cebuano. In contrast, incorporations of Spanish verbs into Tagalog for the most part resemble, though are not necessarily derived from, the vos forms in the imperative: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang. Notable exceptions include Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (from Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (from Шаблон:Lang).
Examples
Numbers
Just like other Philippine languages that are influenced by Spanish, Hiligaynon uses 2 systems of numbers, one from its Austronesian roots and one derived from Spanish.
| Number | Hiligaynon-Native | Hiligaynon-Spanish |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 4 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 5 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 6 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 7 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 8 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 9 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 10 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 100 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1,000 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 10,000 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1,000,000 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| First | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Second | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Third | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Fourth | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Fifth | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Sixth | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Seventh | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Eighth | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Ninth | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Tenth | Шаблон:Lang |
Days of the week
The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.
| Day | Native Names | Meaning | Castilian Derived |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday | Шаблон:Lang | root word: Шаблон:Lang, 'open'; 'Starting Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
| Monday | Шаблон:Lang | root word: Шаблон:Lang 'next'; 'Next Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
| Tuesday | Шаблон:Lang | literal meaning 'Busy Day'; 'Busiest Day' | Martes |
| Wednesday | Шаблон:Lang | root word: Шаблон:Lang, 'exchange'; 'Barter' or 'Market Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
| Thursday | Шаблон:Lang | literal meaning: 'rush'; 'Rushing of the Work Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
| Friday | Шаблон:Lang | literal meaning: 'Completing of the Work Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
| Saturday | Шаблон:Lang | root word: Шаблон:Lang, 'lay-down to rest'; 'Rest Day' | Шаблон:Lang |
Months of the year
| Month | Native Name | Castilian Derived |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| February | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| March | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| April | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| May | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| June | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| July | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| August | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| September | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| October | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| November | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| December | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Quick phrases
| English | Hiligaynon |
|---|---|
| Yes. | Шаблон:Lang |
| No. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Thank you. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Thank you very much! | Шаблон:Lang |
| I'm sorry. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Help me! | Шаблон:Lang |
| Delicious! | Шаблон:Lang |
| Take care (Also used to signify goodbye) | Шаблон:Lang |
| Are you angry/scared? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Do you feel happy/sad? | Шаблон:Lang |
| I don't know/I didn't know | Шаблон:Lang |
| I don't care | Шаблон:Lang |
| That's wonderful/marvelous! | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang |
| I like this/that! | Шаблон:Lang |
| I love you. | Шаблон:Lang |
Greetings
| English | Hiligaynon |
|---|---|
| Hello! | Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit) |
| Good morning. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Good noon. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Good afternoon. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Good evening. | Шаблон:Lang |
| How are you? | Шаблон:Lang (informal) |
| I'm fine. | Шаблон:Lang |
| I am fine, how about you? | Шаблон:Lang |
| How old are you? | Шаблон:Lang |
| I am 24 years old. | Шаблон:Lang |
| My name is... | Шаблон:Lang |
| I am Erman. | Шаблон:Lang |
| What is your name? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Until next time. | Шаблон:Lang |
This/that/what
| English | Hiligaynon |
|---|---|
| What is this/that? | Шаблон:Lang |
| This is a sheet of paper. | Шаблон:Lang |
| That is a book. | Шаблон:Lang |
| What will you do?/What are you going to do? | Шаблон:Lang |
| What are you doing? | Шаблон:Lang |
| My female friend | Шаблон:Lang |
| My male friend | Шаблон:Lang |
| My girlfriend/boyfriend | Шаблон:Lang |
Space and time
| English | Hiligaynon |
|---|---|
| Where are you now? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Where shall we go? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Where are we going? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Where are you going? | Шаблон:Lang |
| We shall go to Iloilo. | Шаблон:Lang |
| We're going to Bacolod. | Шаблон:Lang |
| I am going home. | Шаблон:Lang |
| Where do you live? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?) | Шаблон:Lang |
| Have you been here long? | Шаблон:Lang |
| (To the) left. | Шаблон:Lang |
| (To the) right. | Шаблон:Lang |
| What time is it? | Шаблон:Lang |
| It's ten o'clock. | Шаблон:Lang |
| What time is it now? | Шаблон:Lang |
Ancient times of the day
| Time | Name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 06:00 AM | Шаблон:Lang | Daybreak |
| 10:00 AM | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | Time for chickens to lay eggs |
| 12:00 noon | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | Noon time or midday |
| 02:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang | Early afternoon |
| 04:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang | Time for feeding the swine |
| 06:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang | Twilight |
| 08:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | Supper time |
| 10:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang | Time to lay the banig or sleeping mat |
| 11:00 PM | Шаблон:Lang | First cockerel's crow |
| 12:00 midnight | Шаблон:Lang | Midnight |
| 02:00 AM | Шаблон:Lang | Second cockerel's crow |
| 04:00 AM | Шаблон:Lang | Third cockerel's crow |
| 05:00 AM | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | Waking up time |
When buying
| English | Hiligaynon |
|---|---|
| May/Can I buy? | Шаблон:Lang |
| How much is this/that? | Шаблон:Lang |
| I'll buy the... | Шаблон:Lang |
| Is this expensive? | Шаблон:Lang |
| Is that cheap? | Шаблон:Lang |
The Lord's Prayer
The Ten Commandments
Literal translation as per photo:
- Believe in God and worship only him
- Do not use the name of God without purpose
- Honor the day of the Lord
- Honor your father and mother
- Do not kill
- Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery)
- Do not steal
- Do not lie
- Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man
- Do not covet the riches of your fellow man
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Шаблон:Lang)
Notable Hiligaynon writers
- Peter Solis Nery (born 1969) – prolific writer, poet, playwright, novelist, editor, "Hari sang Binalaybay", and champion of the Hiligaynon language. Born in Dumangas.
- Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) – lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro, lived in Bacolod.
- Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) – journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro.
- Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) – lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan, Cabatuan.[21]
- Conrado Saquian Norada (born 1921) – lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969 to 1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Miag-ao.[22]
- Ramon Muzones (1913–1992) – prolific writer and lawyer, recipient of the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature award. Born in Miag-ao.[23]
- Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) – prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[24]
- Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) – writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[25]
- Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) – noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan.[26]
- Elizabeth Batiduan Navarro – Hiligaynon drama writer for radio programs of Bombo Radyo Philippines.
- Genevieve L. Asenjo – Filipino poet, novelist, translator and literary scholar in Kinaray-a, Hiligaynon and Filipino. Her first novel, Шаблон:Lang, (C&E/DLSU, 2010) received a citation for the Juan C. Laya Prize for Excellence in Fiction in a Philippine Language in the National Book Award.
See also
- Cebuano language
- Hiligaynon people
- Languages of the Philippines
- Kinaray-a language
- Capiznon language
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book – published version of Wolfenden's 1972 dissertation
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Wikivoyage
Dictionaries
- Hiligaynon Dictionary
- Hiligaynon to English Dictionary
- English to Hiligaynon Dictionary
- Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary
- Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line
- Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)
Learning resources
- Some information about learning Ilonggo
- Hiligaynon Lessons (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971)
- Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)
Writing system (Baybayin)
- Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines
- The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet
- The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide
- The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet
Primary texts
- Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon, published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps in the early 20th century)
Secondary Literature
- Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006)
- Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003 (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen)
Шаблон:Visayan languages Шаблон:Philippine languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Philippines
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.
- ↑ G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123.
- ↑ Cf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. Шаблон:ISBN. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 120-121.
- ↑ Cf. Miguel de Loarca, Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo, June 1582) in BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. Шаблон:ISBN. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 128 and 130.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
