Английская Википедия:Hill 57

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Hill 57 is a sandstone-capped hill on the benchland northwest of Great Falls, Montana, United States. The origin of the name is in dispute, but probably derives from an advertisement for "Heinz 57" food products that was created on the hillside in the early 20th century. Hill 57 was home to a small and poverty-stricken community of Cree, Métis, and Ojibwe (also known as Chippewa) Native Americans from about the 1880s to the 1960s. Although much reduced in number, some of these landless Native Americans continue to reside on Hill 57. The extreme economic deprivation of Native Americans in the area led to the term "Hill 57" becoming a symbol and "a byword for urban Indian poverty".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This community subsequently became the most widely cited example of "landless Indians" in Montana.Шаблон:Sfn

Geology

Hill 57 is a low-riseШаблон:Sfn plateauШаблон:Sfn located adjacent to the city limits of Great Falls, Montana, about Шаблон:Convert north of 9th Avenue North/Northwest Bypass on Stuckey Road and abutting to the Valley View neighborhood.[1]

Hill 57 consists of rock belonging to the Colorado Group,Шаблон:Sfn a stratigraphic unit consisting largely of shale.[2] Within this group is a subunit known as the Blackleaf Formation (or the Albian Formation),Шаблон:Sfn a shale with a small proportion of fine-to-medium grain sandstone.[2]Шаблон:Sfn At the bottom of the Blackleaf Formation is another geologic subunit, the Flood Member,Шаблон:Sfn a sandstone consisting of layers (from top to bottom) of very hard calcareous sandstone, fissile sandstone with concretions of ironstone or stained limestone, and medium-hard light-colored sandstone.Шаблон:Sfn Flood Member rock makes up the majority of the rock beneath Hill 57.Шаблон:Sfn A very hard, undefined sandstone structure, described by geologists as "massive" in size, sits atop the hill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

About 65,000 years ago, before the Iowa Period of the Wisconsin glaciation,Шаблон:Sfn the Missouri River flowed north rather than east.Шаблон:Sfn The river laid down a fluvial terraceШаблон:Sfn consisting of quartzite gravel.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A layer of this gravel, about Шаблон:Convert deep, now covers the top and sides of Hill 57.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

About 15,000 years ago, the Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked the north-flowing Missouri River, creating Lake Great Falls.Шаблон:Sfn Lake silt in turn covered this gravel, creating the current topsoil of Hill 57.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn About 13,000 years ago, the ice sheet retreated and Lake Great Falls drained.[3] This exposed Hill 57, which has retained this form into the current period.

Hill 57 is distinguished from Mount Royal, a somewhat taller adjacent hill/plateau to the north and northwest.Шаблон:Sfn

Name

Sources vary widely as to the origin of the name "Hill 57". The most complete version of the name's original was reported by Ralph Pomnichowski in the Great Falls Tribune in 2009, who wrote that, in 1926, Heinz 57 salesman Art Hinck (or Henck)Шаблон:Sfn arranged rocks on the hill into the form of a gigantic "57" and then painted them white.[4] Historian Don Peterson relates substantially the same story, although he says the advertisement was created about 1900.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Jeanne Eder has written that the advertisement went up during administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, which puts its creation between September 1901 and March 1909.Шаблон:Sfn Attorney Ellen Thompson, who has written about the landless Native Americans living at the site, also says that a Heinz 57 salesman arranged rocks on the hill in the form of a giant "57", although she does not say whether they were painted white or not.[5] Others sources agree that the "57" was an advertisement (although they are not specific as to the form it took),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while some say that it was "painted" but do not specify whether it was on the grass, on rocks, or took some other form.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historian Matthew Basso does not identify Art Hinck as the creator of the advertisement, but merely says the individual was a "pickle salesman".Шаблон:Sfn

Sources agree that the advertisement could be seen for miles.[4]Шаблон:Sfn

Two alternative origins for the name "Hill 57" have also been suggested. Historian Ken Robison says that, in addition to the Heinz advertisement, Hill 57 was named for James J. Hill, chief executive officer of the Great Northern Railway and a close friend of Great Falls founder Paris Gibson.Шаблон:Sfn In 1969, Representative John Melcher cited "legend" that the hill's name came from the large number of "Heinz 57" cans strewn over the landscape there.Шаблон:Sfn

As of 2009, the "57" advertisement could no longer be seen on the hill.[4]

Since the 1920s, students from Great Falls High School have maintain a giant "GF" logo on the side of Hill 57.[6] The logo is composed of whitewashed stones, which GFHS students regularly repaint and keep in place.[7]

Native American presence

Hill 57 camp

Just when the Hill 57 area was occupied by Native Americans is not clear. Some sources put the date at about 1900.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A major drought which hit Montana in 1917 (and lasted until 1920)Шаблон:Sfn drove many landless Native Americans off the plains and into these settlements near Great Falls.Шаблон:Sfn

Initially, landless Native Americans settled on the west bank of the Missouri River south of the Fox Farm neighborhood. But the most permanent settlements were on Hill 57, Mount Royal, along Wire Mill Road in Black Eagle (an unincorporated village on the north bank of the river where the Anaconda Copper smelter was located),Шаблон:Sfn near the Great Falls Meat Packing Plant (now demolished, but then located several hundred feet north of 5700 18th Avenue N.),Шаблон:Sfn and on the bank of the Missouri River near what is now Sacajawea Island.Шаблон:Sfn White residents of Great Falls derided these areas by calling them "moccasin flats".Шаблон:Sfn

Winters at the Hill 57 camp were incredibly harsh.Шаблон:Sfn While many Native American families survived during the summer by picking food, clothing, and firewood out of the town garbage dump, snow and ice precluded such scavenging during the winter. Many families turned to the county government during the winter, and received minimal assistance that enabled them to survive.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1917, at the start of World War I, Anaconda Copper began hiring large numbers of local landless Indians for work in their smelter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The Great Depression, which began in October 1929, caused copper prices to plunge and the plant closed on May 7, 1932. Angry white workers blamed the Native Americans for taking their jobs and stealing equipment from the plant, and burned the Indian camps around Great Falls to the ground.Шаблон:Sfn The vast majority of Native Americans then removed to Hill 57, which at that time was owned by a woman of Native American descent.Шаблон:Sfn

By 1937, a number of Native American families had moved from Hill 57 to the unused land north of Wire Mill Road.Шаблон:Sfn

Hill 57 was occupied by several hundred Native Americans into the 1970s.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2013, however, it was largely deserted.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, the landless Native American presence remains strong in Great Falls, with about 3,000 Little Shell Chippewa living in the city.[8]

In popular culture

The Native Americans of Hill 57 and their desperate poverty were the subject of The American Stranger, an hour-long NBC News special report which aired in November 1958. The broadcast harshly condemned the U.S. government's Indian termination policy, and used the Hill 57 community as an example of what the policy would entail. Historian Pamela Wilson has called the broadcast "the most significant interpretation of the termination crisis" ever to air on American television.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

Шаблон:Coord

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite newsШаблон:Dead link
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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