Английская Википедия:Hill of Tara

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Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Hiberno-English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox ancient site

The Hill of Tara (Шаблон:Lang-ga or Шаблон:Lang)[1] is a hill and ancient ceremonial and burial site near Skryne in County Meath, Ireland. Tradition identifies the hill as the inauguration place and seat of the High Kings of Ireland; it also appears in Irish mythology. Tara consists of numerous monuments and earthworks—dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age—including a passage tomb (the "Mound of the Hostages"), burial mounds, round enclosures, a standing stone (believed to be the Lia Fáil or "Stone of Destiny"), and a ceremonial avenue. There is also a church and graveyard on the hill. Tara forms part of a larger ancient landscape and Tara itself is a protected national monument under the care of the Office of Public Works, an agency of the Irish Government.

Name

The name Tara is an anglicization of the Irish name Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('hill of Tara'). It is also known as Шаблон:Lang ('Tara of the kings'), and formerly also Шаблон:Lang ('the grey ridge').Шаблон:Sfn The Old Irish form is Шаблон:Lang. It is believed this comes from Proto-Celtic Шаблон:Lang and means a 'sanctuary' or 'sacred space' cut off for ceremony, cognate with the Greek Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) and Latin Шаблон:Lang. Another suggestion is that it means "a height with a view".[2][3]

Features and early history

Ancient monuments

Файл:Wakeman Plan of Tara.png
Layout of the Hill of Tara

The remains of twenty ancient monuments are visible, and at least three times that many have been found through geophysical surveys and aerial photography.[4]

The oldest visible monument is Шаблон:Lang (the 'Mound of the Hostages'),[5] a Neolithic passage tomb built around 3,200 BC.[6] It holds the remains of hundreds of people, most of which are cremated bones. In the Neolithic, it was the communal tomb of a single community for about a century, during which there were almost 300 burials. Almost a millennium later, in the Bronze Age, there were a further 33 burials – first in the passage and then in the mound around it.[6] During this time, only certain high-status individuals were buried there. At first, it was the tomb of one community, but later multiple communities came together to bury their elite there.[6] The last burial was a full body burial of a young man of high status, with an ornate necklace and dagger.[4]

During the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age, a huge double timber circle or "wood henge" was built on the hilltop.[7] It was 250m in diameter and surrounded the Mound of the Hostages.[4] At least six smaller burial mounds were built in an arc around this timber circle, including those known as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang ('Mound of the Mercenary Women') and Шаблон:Lang ('Mound of the Cow'). The timber circle was eventually either removed or decayed, and the burial mounds are barely visible today.[8]

There are several large round enclosures on the hill, which were built in the Iron Age.[4] The biggest and most central of these is Ráth na Ríogh (the Enclosure of the Kings), which measures Шаблон:Convert in circumference, Шаблон:Convert north-south by Шаблон:Convert east-west, with an inner ditch and outer bank. It is dated to the 1st century BC and was originally marked out by a stakewall.[4] Human burials, and a high concentration of horse and dog bones, were found in the ditch.[4] Within the Шаблон:Lang is the Mound of the Hostages and two round, double-ditched enclosures which together make a figure-of-eight shape. One is Шаблон:Lang ('Cormac's House') and the other is the Шаблон:Lang or Royal Seat, which incorporates earlier burial mounds. On top of the Шаблон:Lang is a standing stone, which is believed to be the Шаблон:Lang ('Stone of Destiny') at which the High Kings were crowned. According to legend, the stone would let out a roar when the rightful king touched it. It is believed that the stone originally lay beside or on top of the Mound of the Hostages.[4]

Just to the north of Шаблон:Lang, is Шаблон:Lang (the 'Rath of the Synods'), which was built in the middle of the former "wood henge".[4] It is a round enclosure with four rings of ditches and banks, and incorporates earlier burial mounds. It was re-modelled several times and once had a large timber building inside it, resembling the one at Navan.[9] It was occupied between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, and Roman artefacts were also found there.[4] It was badly mutilated in the early 20th century by British Israelites searching for the Ark of the Covenant.[4]

The other round enclosures are Шаблон:Lang ('Laoghaire's Fort', where the eponymous king is said to have been buried) at the southern edge of the hill, and the Шаблон:Lang ('Sloping Trenches' or 'Sloping Graves') at the northwestern edge, which includes Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang are burial mounds with ring ditches around them which sit on a slope.[4]

At the northern end of the hill is Шаблон:Lang or 'Banqueting Hall'. This was likely the ceremonial avenue leading to the hilltop and seems to have been one of the last monuments built.[4][8]

Файл:Mound of the Hostages, Hill of Tara 2018-07-24.jpg
The "Mound of the Hostages"

Half a mile south of the Hill of Tara is another large round enclosure known as Rath Meave, which refers to the legendary figure Medb or Medb Lethderg.

Annals

In the Annals of Inisfallen (AI980.4) is a description of the Battle of Tara between Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the son of Amlaíb Cuarán.

Church

A church, called Saint Patrick's, is on the eastern side of the hilltop. The "Rath of the Synods" has been partly destroyed by its churchyard.[10] The modern church was built in 1822–23 on the site of an earlier one.[11]

The earliest evidence of a church at Tara is a charter dating from the 1190s. In 1212, this church was "among the possessions confirmed to the Knights Hospitallers of Saint John of Kilmainham by Pope Innocent III".[11] A 1791 illustration shows the church building internally divided into a nave and chancel, with a bell-tower over the western end. A stump of wall marks the site of the old church today, but some of its stonework was re-used in the current church.

The building is now used as a visitor centre, operated by the Office of Public Works (OPW), an agency of the Irish Government.[11]

The Five Roads of Tara

According to legend, five ancient roads or Шаблон:Lang meet at Tara, linking it with all the provinces of Ireland. The earliest reference to the five roads of Tara was in the tale Шаблон:Lang (The Destruction of Da Derga's Hall).[12][13]

The five roads are said to be:

Significance

Файл:Banqueting Hall Area Hill of Tara Ireland.JPG
Area known as "Banqueting Hall"
Файл:Kingdom of Mide-900.svg
Kingdom of Mide (Шаблон:Circa)

The passage of the Mound of the Hostages is aligned with the sunrise around the times of Samhain (the Gaelic festival marking the start of winter) and Imbolc (the festival marking the start of spring).[14] The passage is shorter than monuments like Newgrange, making it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun, but Martin Brennan writes in The Stones of Time that "daily changes in the position of a 13-foot long sunbeam are more than adequate to determine specific dates".[15] Early Irish literature records that a royal gathering called the 'feast of Tara' (feis Temro) was held there at Samhain.[16]

By the beginning of Ireland's historical period, Tara had become the seat of a sacral kingship.[16] Historian Dáibhí Ó Cróinín writes that Tara "possessed an aura that seemed to set it above" the other royal seats.[17] It is recorded as the seat of the High King of Ireland (Ard Rí) and is "central to most of the great drama in early Irish literature".[16] Various medieval king lists traced a line of High Kings far into the past. However, John T. Koch explains: "Although the kingship of Tara was a special kingship whose occupants had aspirations towards supremacy among the kings of Ireland, in political terms it is unlikely that any king had sufficient authority to dominate the whole island before the 9th century".[18]

Irish legend says that the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) at Tara was brought to Ireland by the divine Tuatha Dé Danann, and that it would cry out under the foot of the true king.[16] Medb Lethderg was the sovereignty goddess of Tara.[16] The cult of the sacral kingship of Tara is reflected in the legends of High King Conaire Mór, while another legendary High King, Cormac mac Airt, is presented as the ideal king.[16] The reign of Diarmait mac Cerbaill, a historical king of Tara in the sixth century, was seen as particularly important by medieval writers. Although he was probably pagan, he was also influenced by Christian leaders and "stood chronologically between two worlds, the ancient pagan one and the new Christian one".[19]

Tara was probably controlled by the Érainn before it was seized by the Laigin in the third century.[16] Niall of the Nine Hostages displaced the Laigin from Tara in the fifth century and it became the ceremonial seat of the Uí Néill.[16] The kingship of Tara alternated between the Southern and Northern Uí Néill until the eleventh century. After this, control of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford became more important to a would-be High King than control of Tara.[18]

According to Irish mythology, during the third century a great battle known as the Cath Gabhra took place between High King Cairbre Lifechair, and the Fianna led by Fionn Mac Cumhaill. The Fianna were heavily defeated; many of the graves of the Fianna covered the Rath of the Gabhra, most notably the grave of Oscar, son of Oisín.[20]

Later history

During the rebellion of 1798, United Irishmen formed a camp on the hill but were attacked and defeated by British troops[21] on 26 May 1798 and the Шаблон:Lang was allegedly moved to commemorate the 400 rebels who died on the hill that day.

In 1843, the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell hosted a peaceful political demonstration at Tara in favour of Irish self-governance which drew over 750,000 people, highlighting the lasting significance of Tara.[22]

British Prime Minister John Russell inherited the Tara estate during the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, Tara was vandalised by British Israelists who thought that the British were part of the Lost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained the Ark of the Covenant.[23] A group of British Israelists, led by retired Anglo-Indian judge Edward Wheeler Bird, set about excavating the site having paid off the landowner, Gustavus Villiers Briscoe. Irish cultural nationalists held a mass protest over the destruction of the national heritage site, including Douglas Hyde, Arthur Griffith, Maud Gonne, George Moore and W. B. Yeats. Hyde tried to interrupt the dig but was ordered away by a man wielding a rifle. Maud Gonne made a more flamboyant protest by relighting an old bonfire that Briscoe had lit to celebrate the coronation of Edward VII. She began to sing Thomas Davis's song "A Nation Once Again" by the fire, much to the consternation of the landlord and the police.[24][25]

The Irish government bought the southern part of the hill in 1952, and the northern part in 1972.[26]

The religious order Missionary Society of St. Columban had its international headquarters at Dalgan Park, just north of the Hill of Tara. The order was named after the Saint who was born in the Ancient Kingdom of Meath. The land Dalgan Park lies on was once owned by the kings of Tara. The seminary is also situated on the path of the Шаблон:Lang, one of the five ancient roads that meet at Tara.[27]

Motorway development

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Tara Protest Banner.jpg
A banner protesting against the proposed motorway, 2007

The M3 motorway passes through the Tara-Skryne Valley – as did the existing N3 road. Protesters argue that since the Tara Discovery Programme started in 1992, there is an appreciation that the Hill of Tara is just the central complex of a wider landscape.[28] The distance between the motorway and the hill is Шаблон:Convert – it intersects the old N3 at the Blundelstown interchange between the Hill of Tara and the Hill of Skryne. Protesters said that an alternative route about Шаблон:Convert west of Tara would have been straighter, cheaper and less destructive.[29][30] On Sunday 23 September 2007 over 1500 people met on the Hill of Tara to take part in a human sculpture representing a harp and spelling out the words "SAVE TARA VALLEY" as a call for the re-routing of the M3 motorway away from Tara. Actors Stuart Townsend and Jonathan Rhys Meyers attended this event.[31] There was also a letter writing campaign to preserve the Hill of Tara.[32]

The Hill of Tara was included in the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world.[33] The following year it was included in a list of the 15 must-see endangered cultural treasures by the Smithsonian Institution.[34]

The motorway project proceeded, and the road was opened in June 2010.[28]

Gallery

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.1663
  3. ↑ Halpin, Andrew. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600. Oxford University Press, 2006. p.341
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 Andrew Halpin and Conor Newman. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600. Oxford University Press, 2006. pp.341-347
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Quinn, Colin. "Returning and Reuse: Diachronic Perspectives on Multi-Component Cemeteries and Mortuary Politics at Middle Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Tara, Ireland" Шаблон:Webarchive. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, issue 37 (2015). pp.1-18
  7. ↑ "Woodhenge - Tara" Шаблон:Webarchive. Knowth.com.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Newman, Conor (2007). "Procession and Symbolism at Tara" Шаблон:Webarchive. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 26(4), pp.415-438
  9. ↑ Bradley, Richard. The Past in Prehistoric Societies. Psychology Press, 2002. p.145
  10. ↑ The Hill of Tara Шаблон:Webarchive. Rough Guides. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Draft Tara Skryne Landscape Conservation Area Шаблон:Webarchive. Meath County Council. 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 16,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Ó hÓgáin, p.159
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Conor Newman (2015) ‘In the way of development: Tara, the M3 and the Celtic Tiger’, in Meade, R. and Dukelow, F. (eds.) Defining Events: Power, resistance and identity in twenty-first-century Ireland, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 32-50.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ "The Hill of Tara". Sacred Sites International Foundation. Шаблон:Webarchive
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web World Monuments Fund.
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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