Английская Википедия:Himara Revolt of 1596

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Himara Revolt of 1596 was an Albanian[1][2][3] uprising organized by Archbishop Athanasius I of Ohrid in the region of Himara against the Ottoman Empire. It was part of a range of anti-Ottoman movements in the Western Balkans at the end of the 16th century during the Long Turkish War in the Balkans. The revolt received the support of various western powers and was instigated through local leaders, scholars and clergy as well as Greek military figures in their service.[4]

Background

Revolutionary action in Himara broke out again after Manthos Papagiannis' death in 1596.[5]

Metropolitan bishop Athanasius I of Ohrid, an ethnic Greek who originated from Mani,[6] was an influential personality in the area of his religious jurisdiction and took initiatives to stir up in revolt Epirotes and Albanians.[7] The Himariotes considered him a saint and showed him full loyalty.[8] Himara was among the Greek inhabited regions where revolutionary activity was mainly reported during this period (1571-1621).[9]

Due to the Ottoman-Venetian peace treaty sign at 1573 various uprisings in the Balkans and especially in Epirus received encouragement by Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. As such Athanasius' attempt received the support of the local nobility, scholars, clerics as well as from Greek military figures under the command of western powers.[10] Spanish conspirators decided to invite Athanasius I of Ohrid into their plans.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source He was described as "discrete and intelligent".Шаблон:Sfn In the beginning, Athanasius was uninvolved, until the beginning of 1596 when he offered his cooperation to the Venetian official in Corfu.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source

Athanasius sent a letter to the provveditore and captain of Corfu, Angelo Basadonna, in January 1596, about wanting to meet up and discuss "very important things".Шаблон:Sfn The two had a meeting on 26 January 1596, during which Athanasius spoke of the "miserable state of Christians" and asked for help for a general uprising.Шаблон:Sfn Rejected by Venice, he openly joined the Spanish conspirators, who contacted the Neapolitan deputy about this.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source Athanasius sent his minister to Naples to ask for weapons and 2,000 soldiers from Spain, and to establish the whole plan of the uprising.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source He also sent a certain Paniperis, close associate and representative of Himara, to Neaples.[7] The Neapolitan vice-king, the Count of Olivares, sent one of his captains, the Albanian stratiot Miguel Bua, to oversee the coastal fortresses of Bari and Otranto,Шаблон:Sfn as well as the events that were occurring in Himara, and to get to know the real intents of the people.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source While the Neapolitan captain was in Albania, the Himariots south of Vlorë immediately rose up.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source Bua brought ammunition and equipment for the insurgent inhabitants of Himara, and served as the captain and colonel of 2,000 Albanians.Шаблон:Sfn

Meanwhile, the Venetian ambassador in Naples suspected that the Himariotes received weapons from the Spanish and that they immediately sold them to the Ottomans. He also accused Petros Lantzas, a Greek agent that worked for the Spanish, for having organized this. Nevertheless those weapons were finally confiscated and sent back to Otranto.[11]

The Albanian[12] revolt of Himara was part of a range of anti-Ottoman movements in the Western Balkans at the end of the 16th century during the Long Turkish War in areas that extended from Epirus up north to the area of Šibenik (in Croatia).[1]

Uprising

Following Athanasius' promise to raise 6,000 Albanians and his plea for help in munitions, the Spaniards began preparations to attack.[13] Athanasius had returned to Albania by the summer of 1596 and stayed in Himara. A contemporary source stated that there were 10,000 fighters in red costumes in Himara.[14]Шаблон:Dubious

The revolt was active in July and August,Шаблон:Sfn with initial success, the rebels managing to control the coastal towns.Шаблон:Sfn Athanasius attacked the fortress of Kanina with the support of Ottaviano di Loffredo. A number of Greek and Albanian captains in the service of the Spanish in Naples also participated in this operation, such as Miguel Bua, Giovanni Golemi, Esteban Bublia, Nicodemos Konstantinos, etc.[15]

The rebel force being reinforced by a small unit of Spaniards attacked the nearby Ottoman fort of Cerna.Шаблон:Sfn The fort was simultaneously attacked from three directions by 1,300 men, of whom only 300 were equipped with arquebuses.Шаблон:Sfn Initially a group of 100 Spaniards managed to capture part of the fort raising their flag, killing 80 Ottoman soldiers including the commander of the fort.Шаблон:Sfn During the attack Nicodemos Konstantinos was wounded by an arquebus on the right arm while his brother Simon was taken prisoner by the Ottomans.[16] However the Himariots being confused about this turn of the battle withdrew from the battlefield.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile a part of the soldiers engaged in looting and fled with their loot to the mountains. Ottaviano had to defend the fort with just 50 men, but finally had to withdraw without dismantling it, as had been foreseen in his initial plan.[17] This gave the opportunity to the Ottomans to launch a successful counterattack.Шаблон:Sfn

The revolt was easily suppressed after the Venetians convinced some of the chieftains not to join the rebellion,[18] and the fact that the rebel army was undisciplined.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

After the unsuccessful operation Athanasius returned to Himara for the preparations of another rebellion.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining Spaniards left the region,Шаблон:Sfn but Athanasius awaited this time an aid of 3–4,000 soldiers from the Spanish king.Шаблон:Sfn Simon Konstantinos being taken prisoner was sent to Constantinople and his property was confiscated. However, due to his noble origin he wasn't executed.[16] On August 23, 1596 he met with the Albanian captains Michael Bua, Giovanni Golemi, and Michael Papada.Шаблон:Sfn They each received a monthly pay of 50 ducats.Шаблон:Sfn They then went to Lecce to arm the Himariots with 1,000 arquebuses, powder, lead, four drums, and four royal banners (insegne del Re).Шаблон:Sfn Athanasius then moved to Rome and had an audience with the Pope. The following 20 years he continued to visit various western European leaders to trigger their intervention against the Ottomans, but without success.Шаблон:Sfn Lantzas was one of the main supporters of the Himariotes while Greek agent Hieronimo Combis was against any anti-Ottoman action in the region.[19] Combis also discouraged Michael Bua and his companions.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Sanjak of Herzegovina and Montenegro Vilayet, the Serbs rose up in 1596–97, but without foreign support the rebels were forced to capitulate.[20] In 1600, a rebellion broke out in Thessaly.[21]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Ψιμούλη, Βάσω Δ. (2006). Σούλι και Σουλιώτες. Ιστορία και Πολιτική (4th ed.). Athens: Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας. p. 54. "'Ετσι υποκινούν μέσω των τοπικών ηγετών -λογίων, κληρικών καθώς και Ελλήνων στρατιωτικών που βρίσκονται στην υπηρεσία τους, πολλές εξεγέρσεις σε διάφορα σημεία της χερσονήσου καθώς και στην Ήπειρο. Η ανταρσία του αρχιεπισκόπου Αχρίδας Αθανασίου (1596) όπως και οι εξεγέργσεις του "Σκυλοσόφου" το 1600 και 1611 στην Ήπειρο, εντάσσονται στις κινήσεις αυτές."
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Kontali, 2008, p. 125
  8. ↑ Floristan, 2017, p. 155: "En la Chimarra lo tenían por santo y le prestaban total obediencia. Pedía tres o cuatro mil infantes para rebelar a su provincia, que comprendía Bulgaria, Servia, la pequeña Valaquia, Albania y parte de Grecia.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Floristan, 2017, p. 152: " Rannusio sospechaba que la operación había sido muñida por Pedro Lantzas ... a Otranto gracias a los oficios del em bajador Francisco de Vera
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Floristan, 2008, p. 162
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Floristan, 2018, p. 162-163
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Floristan, 2018, p. 163
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Floristan, 2018, p. 163: "La empresa de Chimarra se vio envuelta en las disputas personales que mantenían en Nápoles dos agentes al servicio de España, el corfiota Pedro Lantzas y el epirota Jerónimo Combis, superintendente general del servicio de espionaje de levante en el reino de Nápoles58. Lantzas fue uno de los principales valedores de los chimarrotes ante el virrey, mientras que Combis se mostró contrario a sus propuestas."
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Vranousis, Sfyroeras, 1997, p. 246
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