Английская Википедия:Himiko

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Infobox royalty Шаблон:Nihongo, also known as Шаблон:Nihongo,[1]Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn was a shamaness-queen of Yamatai-koku in Шаблон:Nihongo. Early Chinese dynastic histories chronicle tributary relations between Queen Himiko and the Cao Wei Kingdom (220–265) and record that the Yayoi period people chose her as ruler following decades of warfare among the kings of Wa. Early Japanese histories do not mention Himiko, but historians associate her with legendary figures such as Empress Consort Jingū, who is said to have served as regent from 201 to 269.[2]

Scholarly debates over the identity of Himiko and the location of her domain, Yamatai, have raged since the late Edo period, with opinions divided between northern Kyūshū or traditional Yamato Province in present-day Kinki. The "Yamatai controversy", writes Keiji Imamura, is "the greatest debate over the ancient history of Japan."Шаблон:Sfn A prevailing view among scholars is that she may be buried at Hashihaka Kofun in Nara Prefecture.[3]

Historical references

The shaman Queen Himiko is recorded in various ancient histories, dating back to 3rd-century China, 8th-century Japan, and 12th-century Korea.

Файл:Text of the Wei Zhi (魏志), 297.jpg
The "Book of Wei" (Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Lang), part of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Шаблон:Circa. A Шаблон:Transliteration (vernacular) version of the Шаблон:Transliteration, the history containing the first mention of Yamatai and Himiko.

Chinese sources

The first historical records of Himiko are found in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Lang), a Chinese classic text dating to Шаблон:Circa. However, rather than Records of the Three Kingdoms, Japanese scholars use the term of Шаблон:Nihongo3, a Japanese abbreviation for the account of Wajin in the "Biographies of the Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Dongyi" (Шаблон:Lang), Volume 30 of the "Book of Wei" (Шаблон:Lang) of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Шаблон:Lang).[4] This section is the first description of Himiko (Pimiko) and Yamatai:

Шаблон:Quote

This early history describes how Himiko came to the throne:

Шаблон:Quote

The "Records of Wei" also records envoys travelling between the Wa and Wei courts. Himiko's emissaries first visited the court of Wei emperor Cao Rui in 238, and he replied:

Шаблон:Quote

Finally, the "Records of Wei"Шаблон:Sfn records that in 247 when a new governor arrived at Daifang Commandery in Korea, Queen Himiko officially complained of hostilities with Шаблон:Nihongo, the king of Kuna (ja) (Шаблон:Lang, literally "dog slave"), one of the other Wa states. The governor dispatched "Chang Chêng, acting Secretary of the Border Guard" with a "proclamation advising reconciliation", and subsequently:

Шаблон:Quote

Commentators take this 'Iyo' (Шаблон:Lang, with Шаблон:Lang, "one", an old variant of Шаблон:Lang) as a miscopy of Toyo (Шаблон:Lang, with Шаблон:Lang "platform; terrace") paralleling the Шаблон:Transliteration writing Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang).

Two other Chinese dynastic histories mentioned Himiko. While both clearly incorporated the Шаблон:Transliteration reports, they made some changes, such as specifying the "some seventy or eighty years" of Wa wars occurred between 146 and 189, during the reigns of Han Emperors Huan and Ling. The Шаблон:Circa Book of Later Han (Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:Lang) says "the King of Great Wa resides in the country of Yamadai", rather than the Queen:

Шаблон:Quote

Шаблон:Quote

The 636 Book of Sui (Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Lang) changes the number of Himiko's male attendants:

Шаблон:Quote

Japanese sources

Neither of the two oldest Japanese histories – the Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Transliteration[5] nor Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn – mentions Queen Himiko. The circumstances under which these books were written is a matter of unending debate, and even if Himiko were known to the authors, they may have purposefully decided not to include her.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, they include three imperial-family shamans identified with her: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), the aunt of Emperor Sujin (legendary 10th Japanese emperor, reigned 97–30 BC) and daughter of Emperor Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, the daughter of Emperor Suinin (legendary 11th, reigned 29 BC–70 AD); and Empress Jingū (reigned Шаблон:Circa AD), the wife of Emperor Chūai (legendary 14th emperor, reigned 192–200 AD). These dates, however, are not historically verified.

One remarkable exception to early Japanese histories overlooking Himiko is the Шаблон:Transliteration, quoting the Шаблон:Transliteration three times. In 239, "the queen [[[:Шаблон:Lang]]] of Wa" sent envoys to Wei; in 240, they returned "charged with an Imperial rescript and a seal and ribbon;" and in 243, "the ruler [[[:Шаблон:Lang]] "king"] of Wa again sent high officers as envoys with tribute".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Nihongo, the shaman aunt of Emperor Sujin, supposedly committed suicide after learning her husband was a trickster snake-god. The Шаблон:Transliteration does not mention her, but the Шаблон:Transliteration describes her as "the Emperor's aunt by the father's side, a shrewd and intelligent person, who could foresee the future".Шаблон:Sfn After a series of national calamities, the Emperor "assembled the 80 myriads of Deities" and inquired by divination. Yamato-totohi-momoso was inspired by Ōmononushi-nushi ("Great Deity of All Deities and Spirits"),Шаблон:Sfn to say: "Why is the Emperor grieved at the disordered state of the country? If he duly did us reverent worship it would assuredly become pacified of itself." The Emperor inquired, saying: "What God is it that thus instructs me?" The answer was: "I am the God who dwells within the borders of the land of Yamato, and my name is Oho-mono-nushi no Kami."Шаблон:Sfn While imperial worship of this god (from Mount Miwa) was "without effect", Yamato-totohi-momoso later married him.

Шаблон:Quote

The Шаблон:Nihongo Kofun in Sakurai, Nara is associated with this legend.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Nihongo, the daughter of Emperor Suinin, supposedly founded the Ise Shrine to the sun-goddess Amaterasu. The Шаблон:Transliteration records her as the fourth of Suinin's five children, "Her Augustness Yamato-hime, (was the high-priestess of the temple of the Great Deity of Ise)".Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transliteration likewise records "Yamato-hime no Mikoto"Шаблон:Sfn and provides more details. The Emperor assigned Yamato-hime to find a permanent location for Amaterasu's shrine, and after wandering for years, the sun-goddess instructed her to build it at Ise "where she first descended from Heaven".Шаблон:Sfn

Empress Consort Jingū (or Шаблон:Nihongo) supposedly served as regent after the death of her husband Emperor Chūai (Шаблон:C.) until the accession of her son Emperor Ōjin (legendary 15th emperor, Шаблон:Reign). The Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn and Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn have similar accounts. Emperor Chūai wanted to invade Kumaso, and while he was consulting with his ministers, Jingū conveyed a shamanistic message that he should invade Silla instead. Compare these:

Шаблон:Quote

The Emperor thought the gods were lying, said he had only seen ocean to the West, and then died, either immediately (Шаблон:Transliteration) or after invading Kumaso (Шаблон:Transliteration). Jingū allegedly discovered she was pregnant, personally planned and led a successful conquest of Silla, gave birth to the future emperor, and returned to rule Yamato. The Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn adds that since Jingū wanted to learn which gods had cursed Chūai, she constructed a shamanic "palace of worship", "discharged in person the office of priest", and heard the gods reveal themselves as coming from Ise (Amaterasu) and Mukatsu (an unnamed Korean divinity). Although the Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration myth-histories called Jingū first of the Japanese empresses, Meiji period historians removed her from the List of Emperors of Japan, leaving Empress Suiko (Шаблон:Reign) as the first historically verifiable female Japanese ruler.

Korean sources

The oldest extant Korean history text, the Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "Chronicles of the Three [Korean] Kingdoms", completed in 1145), records that Queen Himiko sent an emissary to King Adalla of Silla in May 173.Шаблон:Sfn

Interpretations

Researchers have struggled to reconcile Himiko/Pimiko between Chinese and Japanese historical sources. While the Шаблон:Transliteration described her as an important ruler in 3rd-century Japan, early Japanese historians purposely avoided naming Himiko, even when the Шаблон:Transliteration quoted the Шаблон:Transliteration about envoys from Wa.

Name

The three Chinese characters Шаблон:Lang (simplified: Шаблон:Lang) transcribing the Wa regent's name are read Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration in Modern Japanese and Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration in Modern Standard Chinese.

However, these contemporary readings differ considerably from how 'Himiko' was pronounced in the 3rd century, both by speakers of the unknown Wa-language and by Chinese scribes who transcribed it. While transliteration into Chinese characters of foreign words is complex, the choice of these three particular characters is puzzling, with literal meanings Шаблон:Lang "low; inferior; humble", Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) "fill, cover; full; whole, complete", and Шаблон:Lang "breathe out; exhale; cry out; call".Шаблон:Citation needed

In terms of historical Chinese phonology, the modern Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) is simpler than its presumed 3rd-century late Old Chinese or early Middle Chinese pronunciation. Compare the following reconstructions of the name in Archaic Chinese or Middle Chinese (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, and William H. Baxter), Early Middle Chinese (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), and, historically closest, Late Han Chinese (Axel Schuessler).

In terms of Japanese phonology (which historically did not have the consonant /h/ and whose modern /h/ evolves from historical /p/),[6] the accepted modern reading of 'Himiko' would regularly correspond to Old Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration. However, Roy Andrew Miller says Шаблон:Transliteration is a lexicographic error deriving from the Шаблон:Transliteration transcriptions.

Шаблон:Quote

Шаблон:Transliteration (Old Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration), (Шаблон:Lang, "young noblewoman; princess"), explains Miller, etymologically derives from Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Transliteration) (Шаблон:Lang, "sun") and Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Transliteration) (Шаблон:Lang, "woman").

TsunodaШаблон:Sfn notes that "Pimiko is from an archaic Japanese title, Шаблон:Transliteration, meaning 'princess'"; that is, Шаблон:Transliteration with the female name suffix Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "child"), viz. the uncommon given name Himeko. Other Amaterasu-related etymological proposals for the Japanese name Himiko involve Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "sun") and Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, "female shaman, shamaness; shrine maiden; priestess"); or their combination Шаблон:Transliteration, "princess-priestess".Шаблон:Citation needed

Bentley[7] considers the Baekje word Шаблон:Transliteration, 'west', the honorific prefix Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration, 'heir', and thus interprets Шаблон:Lang as 'the honorific heir of the west'.

Identity and historicity

Identifying Himiko/Pimiko of Wa is straightforward within the history of China, but problematic within the history of Japan. The 3rd-century Chinese Шаблон:Transliteration ("Records of Wei") provides details about shaman Queen Himiko and her communications with Emperors Cao Rui and Cao Fang. The 8th-century Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration ("Records of Ancient Matters") and the Шаблон:Transliteration ("Chronicles of Japan", which quotes the Шаблон:Transliteration) disregard Himiko, unless she was the subtext behind their accounts of Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no-mikoto, or Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.

None of these three legendary Japanese royal shamans adequately corresponds with the Chinese chronology and description of Himiko. Assuming the Шаблон:Transliteration account that Himiko died around 248, if one accepts the dubious Japanese traditional dating, then she was closer to the 3rd-century AD Empress Jingū than to the 1st-century BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto and Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime. On the other hand, if one accepts the postdating adjustments prior to the 4th century, then Himiko was closer to these Yamato-named shamans. Neither the Шаблон:Transliteration nor the Шаблон:Transliteration mentions Himiko or any of the salient topics that she was unmarried, was chosen as ruler by the people, had a younger brother who helped rule (unless this refers to Jingū's son), or had numerous (figuratively "1,000") female attendants.

William Wayne FarrisШаблон:Sfn reviews the history of scholarly debates over Himiko and her domain Yamatai. The Edo-period philosophers Arai Hakuseki and Motoori Norinaga began the controversies over whether Yamatai was located in Northern Kyushu or Yamato Province in the Kinki region of central Honshū and whether the Шаблон:Transliteration or the Шаблон:Transliteration was historically more trustworthy. The Confucianist Arai accepted the Chinese history as more reliable, and first equated Himiko with Jingū and Yamatai with Yamato. The Шаблон:Transliteration scholar Motoori accepted the traditional Japanese myth-history as more reliable, and dismissed its Шаблон:Transliteration quotations as later accretions. He hypothesized that a king from Kumaso sent emissaries who masqueraded as Jingū's officials to the Wei court, thus leading Wei to mistake them for representatives of Himiko. Farris states that "Motoori's usurpation hypothesis (Шаблон:Transliteration) carried great weight for the next century."Шаблон:Sfn

Rather than being linked with Yamataikoku (regardless of wherever Yamataikoku was), Himiko may have been instead linked with Шаблон:Nihongo (which TsunodaШаблон:Sfn located in near present-day Hakata in northern Kyūshū), whereto was sent a golden royal seal, by Emperor Guangwu of the Han dynasty. Nakoku is said to have existed from the 1st century to the early 3rd century, and seems to have been independent or even a rival of the current Imperial House of Japan, supposedly in Yamato, Honshū. Even so, both the Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration recorded that the current imperial dynasty, starting with Jimmu, originated from the Kumaso territory of Takachiho, Hyūga Province in present-day Kyushu's southeastern section.[8][9][10] The Kumaso were also associated with Шаблон:Nihongo, ruled by Himiko's rival, king Himikuko.

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japanese historians adopted European historical scholarship, especially the source-based methodology of Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo believed the Шаблон:Transliteration chronology was inaccurate prior to the 4th century, and thus Шаблон:Sfn "Jingū became a fourth-century queen whose reign could not possibly have coincided with Himiko's." The sinologist Shiratori Kurakichi proposed the Шаблон:Transliteration compilers were tempted to associate Jingū with the religious powers of Himiko. Naitō Torajirō argued that Himiko was the high priestess of the Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto and that Wa armies obtained control of southern Korea:

Шаблон:Quote

Some later Japanese historians reframed Himiko in terms of Marxist historiography. Masaaki Ueda argued that "Himiko's was a despotic state with a generalized slave system" ,Шаблон:Sfn while Mitsusada Inoue idealized Yamatai as a "balance of small states" with communal property and popular political expression. Following the late 1960s "Yamatai boom", when numerous Japanese historians, linguists, and archeologists published reevaluations of Himiko and Yamatai, the debate was joined by Japanese nationalists, mystery writers, and amateur scholars.

In Japanese historical and archeological periodization, the 2nd- and 3rd-century era of Queen Himiko was between late Yayoi period and early Kofun period. Шаблон:Nihongo3 refers to characteristic keyhole-shaped burial mounds, and the Шаблон:Transliteration noting "a great mound was raised, more than a hundred paces in diameter" for Pimiko's tomb, may well be the earliest written record of a Шаблон:Transliteration. Several archeological excavations of Yayoi and Kofun sites in kinki region, have revealed Chinese-style bronze mirrors, called Шаблон:Nihongo3. Many scholars who support the Kinki theory associate these Шаблон:Transliteration with the "one hundred bronze mirrors" that the Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn records Emperor Cao Rui presented to Queen Himiko, while other scholarsШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn oppose it. The Hashihaka Kofun in Sakurai, Nara was given a recent boost by radio-carbon dating circa 240–60.Шаблон:Sfn The early Chinese records of Himiko/Pimiko and her Yamatai polity remain something of a Rorschach test. To different interpreters, this early Japanese shaman queen can appear as evidence of communalism (Marxists), Jōmon priestess rulers (Feminist history), the Japanese conquest of Korea,Шаблон:Sfn the Mongolian conquest of Japan (Namio Egami's "horserider theory" (ja)), the imperial system originating with tandem rule by a female shaman and male monarch,Шаблон:Sfn the "patriarchal revolution" replacing female deities and priestesses with male counterparts,Шаблон:Sfn or a shamanic advisor to the federation of Wa chieftains who "must have looked like a ruling queen to Chinese envoys".Шаблон:Sfn

Modern depictions

Шаблон:In popular culture Depictions of Himiko in Japanese popular media take one of three archetypes: Himiko as a wise, old ruler; Himiko the cute and energetic shaman; or Himiko as a seductive sorceress.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She is associated with several ritual objects including the Шаблон:Transliteration – two large bronze bells ritually used at the end of the Yayoi period – as well as the Шаблон:Transliteration branch and Chinese bronze mirrors. The Шаблон:Transliteration described Himiko's shamanism as Шаблон:Transliteration, or Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration, a type of Daoist folk religion. As such, Himiko is sometimes negatively associated with black magic or demons. Ruling in the transitional period between the Yayoi and Kofun eras, depictions of Himiko often display her wearing clothing originating from a variety of time periods, often embodied masculine elements. A queen during the late Yayoi, Himiko likely wore a one-piece, wide-sleeved Шаблон:Transliteration under a vest and sash. She is also often depicted wearing Шаблон:Transliteration beads and a diadem. However, no one can be certain what Himiko wore.Шаблон:Sfn

Himiko is also depicted as a wicked sorceress or tyrant. Such depictions usually present Himiko as a seductress in sexually revealing clothing, with large breasts, depicted in compromising positions, seeming to assert that Himiko's power arose from nefarious sexual appeal. One such depiction appears in the online role-playing game Atlantica Online, in which Himiko appears a steampunk mercenary in revealing costume. These depictions cater largely to the otaku fan base.Шаблон:Sfn

Town mascots

Himiko's legend has been used to market a variety of objects.Шаблон:Sfn Various small towns seek to use Himiko as their mascot, claiming their town as her birthplace, although the archaeological evidence supports regions in the Nara basin as her capital. Yoshinogari City and Sakurai City in Nara prefecture both employ images of Himiko to attract tourists, using images such as chibi Himiko-chan welcoming travelers to the region.Шаблон:Sfn

Manga and graphic novels

Himiko has appeared in various manga issues and comics.

Anime and video games

Himiko is a character who appears occasionally in anime and video games.

Cinema

Sales

Sanrio has created a Himiko-inspired keychain.Шаблон:Sfn

Researcher Laura Miller recounts eating a dish named for Himiko at Shinobuan Cafe in Moriyama City, where the name apparently gave rise to the popularity of the dish.Шаблон:Sfn

Himiko contests

Queen Himiko contests take place in small towns offering cash prizes to women over the age of eighteen on the basis of charm and appearance. One of the earliest of these contests began in Yamatokoriyama in Nara. One such contest, Himikon, takes place in Moriyama City. Asakura in Kyushu also holds a Himiko contest during its annual Yamataikoku Festival of Flowers.Шаблон:Sfn

Namesake

The proper name Himiko has been diversely applied, not only in Japanese society but also in other realms such as astronomy. Шаблон:Nihongo is a train on the Amagi Railway Amagi Line and a water bus of Tokyo Cruise Ship designed by Leiji Matsumoto.Шаблон:Sfn

The name Himiko was given to a Lyman-alpha blob (a massive concentration of hydrogen gas believed to be a protogalaxy) that was discovered in 2009. Massing close to 40 billion suns and located 12.9 billion light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus, as of 2014 it is the largest and most distant known example of its kind.

The one million dollar filly of 2015 American Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and Untouched Talent (mother of 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) was named Himiko.

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

General and cited references

External links

Шаблон:Commonscatinline

Шаблон:Yamatai footer Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 岩波文庫では書名の一部として「魏志倭人伝」の五文字を採用している。Шаблон:CN
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 196
  7. ↑ Bentley 2008:18–20
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Himiko&oldid=15247158