Английская Википедия:Hinamatsuri

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Redir Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox holiday

Шаблон:Nihongo, also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a religious (Shinto) holiday in Japan, celebrated on 3Шаблон:NbspMarch of each year.[1][2] Platforms covered with a red carpet–material are used to display a set of Шаблон:Nihongo representing the Emperor, Empress, attendants, and musicians in traditional court dress of the Heian period.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Customs

Шаблон:Transliteration is one of the Шаблон:Nihongo that are held on auspicious dates of the Lunisolar calendar: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, these were fixed on [[New Year's Day|1Шаблон:NbspJanuary]], 3Шаблон:NbspMarch, [[Tango no sekku|5Шаблон:NbspMay]], [[Tanabata|7Шаблон:NbspJuly]], and [[Chrysanthemum Day|9Шаблон:NbspSeptember]]. The festival was traditionally known as the Шаблон:Nihongo, as peach trees typically began to flower around this time.[4] Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival.[5]

The primary aspect of Шаблон:Transliteration is the display of seated male and female dolls (the Шаблон:Nihongo3 and Шаблон:Nihongo3), which represent a Heian period wedding,[5] but are usually described as the Emperor and Empress of Japan.[6] The dolls are usually seated on red cloth, and may be as simple as pictures or folded paper dolls, or as intricate as carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered Шаблон:Nihongo of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called the Шаблон:Nihongo.[4] The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget.

Families normally ensure that girls and women have a set of the two main dolls before their first Hinamatsuri. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations as heirlooms. The Шаблон:Transliteration spends most of the year in storage, and girls or women and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3Шаблон:NbspMarch (boys and men normally do not participate, as 5Шаблон:NbspMay, now Children's Day, was historically called "Boys' Day").[7] Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day after Шаблон:Transliteration, the superstition being that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter,[8] but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March.[7] Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically follows Шаблон:Transliteration.[9]

Historically, the dolls were used as toys,[6] but in modern times they are intended for display only.[7] The display of dolls is usually discontinued when the girls and women reach ten years of age.[6]

During Шаблон:Transliteration and the preceding days, girls and women hold parties with their friends. Typical foods include Шаблон:Nihongo3, Шаблон:Nihongo3, Шаблон:Nihongo3,[4] Шаблон:Nihongo3, Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo3.[5] The customary drink is Шаблон:Nihongo3, also called Шаблон:Nihongo, a non-alcoholic sake.[10][5]

Шаблон:Nihongo3 ceremonies are held around the country, where participants make dolls out of paper or straw and send them on a boat down a river, carrying one's impurities and sin with them. Some locations, such as at the Nagashibina Doll Museum in Tottori City, still follow the lunisolar calendar instead of doing it on 3Шаблон:NbspMarch.[11]

Шаблон:Nihongo3, traditional decoration for Hinamatsuri, are lengths of coloured cords (usually in red), usually featuring decorations of miniature baby-dolls, which were originally made from leftover kimono silk (so the idea of repurposing fabric scraps is central to this craft; it is a great activity for using up leftover materials). Tsurushi-Bina are not limited to featuring miniature baby-dolls, but also flowers (i.e., camellia flower, etc.), shells, Temari balls, colourful triangles to represent mountains (such as Mount Fuji, etc.), etc., and with tassels at the bottom.

Placement

The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same.[9] The layer of covering is called Шаблон:Nihongo or simply Шаблон:Nihongo, a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set.

First, top platform

The top tier holds two dolls, known as Шаблон:Nihongo. The words dairi means "imperial palace". These are the obina holding a Шаблон:Nihongo and mebina holding a fan. The pair are also known as Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo (lord and princess) or Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo (honored palace official and honored doll).[12] Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not particular individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from the Meiji Era that actually depict Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken). The two are usually placed in front of a gold folding screen Шаблон:Nihongo and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.[6]

Optional are the two lampstands, called Шаблон:Nihongo,[13] and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as Шаблон:Nihongo, which are usually decorated with cherry or plum blossom patterns.

Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as Шаблон:Nihongo,[14] composing of two vases of artificial Шаблон:Nihongo.[15]

Generally speaking, the Kansai style arrangement has the male on the right, while Kantō style arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).[9]

Second platform

The second tier holds three court ladies Шаблон:Nihongo who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Commonly, two dolls are standing on both sides of one seated doll, but there are people who use two seated dolls on both sides of one standing doll.

The doll on the viewer's left bears a Шаблон:Nihongo. The one on the viewer's right holds a Шаблон:Nihongo. The doll in the middle carries different items in Kyoto compared with the rest of Japan. In Kyoto, the middle doll carries a Шаблон:Nihongo upon which is something auspicious such as Шаблон:Nihongo; whereas in the rest of Japan, she carries a Шаблон:Nihongo upon which a sake cup is rested.[6]

Accessories placed between the ladies are Шаблон:Nihongo, stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding hishi mochi.[9]

Third platform

The third tier holds five male musicians Шаблон:Nihongo. Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan:[6][9][16]

  1. Шаблон:Nihongo, seated,
  2. Шаблон:Nihongo, standing,
  3. Шаблон:Nihongo, standing,
  4. Шаблон:Nihongo, or Шаблон:Nihongo, seated,
  5. Шаблон:Nihongo, holding a Шаблон:Nihongo, standing.

There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians and at least one with female musicians.[6]

Fourth platform

Two Шаблон:Nihongo may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards or administrators in Kyoto: the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo. Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on "stage right" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side.[6][16]

Between the two figures are covered Шаблон:Nihongo, also referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo, as well as Шаблон:Nihongo bearing diamond-shaped hishi mochi.[16]

Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a Шаблон:Nihongo, and on the leftmost, a Шаблон:Nihongo.

Fifth platform

The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo of the Emperor and Empress:[6][16]

In the Kyōto style, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:

  1. Crying drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing a Шаблон:Nihongo,
  2. Angry drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing a Шаблон:Nihongo, and
  3. Laughing drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing a Шаблон:Nihongo

In the Kantō style used in the rest of Japan, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:

  1. Angry drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing an Шаблон:Nihongo at the end of a pole,
  2. Crying drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing a Шаблон:Nihongo, and
  3. Laughing drinker Шаблон:Nihongo bearing an Шаблон:Nihongo

Other platforms

On the sixth and seventh tiers, various miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.

Sixth platform

These are items used within the palatial residence.[9]

Seventh, bottom platform

These are items used when away from the palatial residence.[9]

Origin

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Empress Kojun and Princesses.jpg
Empress Kōjun attending the festival with her daughters, c. 1940

It is said that the first time Hina dolls were shown in the manner they are now as part of the Peach Festival was when the young princess Meisho succeeded to the throne of her abdicating father, Emperor Go-Mizunoo, in 1629. Because empresses regnant in Japan at the time were not allowed to get married, Meisho's mother, Tokugawa Masako, created a doll arrangement showing Meisho blissfully wedded.[17] Hinamatsuri then officially became the name of the festival in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as Шаблон:Convert high before laws were passed restricting their size). Over time, the hinakazari evolved to include fifteen dolls and accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to the hinadan so that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children.[6]

During the Meiji period as Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Hinamatsuri was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed to bond with the nation, but it was revived.Шаблон:When By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values. The dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress; they also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via the Japanese diaspora, although it remains confined to Japanese immigrant communities and descendants.[6]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons and category

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Hina Matsuri" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 313.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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