Английская Википедия:Hindi–Urdu transliteration

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Шаблон:Short description Hindi–Urdu (Devanagari: Шаблон:Lang, Nastaliq: Шаблон:Lang) (also known as Hindustani) is the lingua franca of modern-day Northern India and Pakistan (together classically known as Hindustan). Modern Standard Hindi is officially registered in Indian Republic as a standard written using Devanagari script, and Urdu is officially registered in Pakistan as a standard written using extended Perso-Arabic script.

Hindi–Urdu transliteration (or Hindustani transliteration) is essential for Hindustani speakers to understand each other's text, and especially important since the underlying language of both the Hindi & Urdu registers are almost the same. Transliteration is theoretically possible because of the common Hindustani phonology underlying Hindi-Urdu. In present day, the Hindustani language is seen as a unifying language, as initially proposed by Mahatma Gandhi to resolve the Hindi–Urdu controversy. ("Hindustani" is not to be confused with followers of Hinduism, as 'Hindu' in Persian means 'Indo')

Technically, a direct one-to-one script mapping or rule-based lossless transliteration of Hindi-Urdu is not possible, majorly since Hindi is written in an abugida script and Urdu is written in an abjad script, and also other constraints like multiple similar characters from Perso-Arabic which map onto a single character in Devanagari. However, there have been dictionary-based mapping attempts which have yielded very high accuracy, providing near-to-perfect transliterations. For literary domains, a mere transliteration between Hindi-Urdu will not suffice as formal Hindi is more inclined towards Sanskrit vocabulary whereas formal Urdu is more inclined towards Persian and Arabic vocabulary; hence a system combining transliteration and translation would be necessary for such cases.

In addition to Hindi-Urdu, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for digraphic languages like Sindhi (written in extended Perso-Arabic in Sindh of Pakistan and in Devanagari by Sindhis in partitioned India), Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi in East Punjab and Shahmukhi in West Punjab), Saraiki (written in extended-Shahmukhi script in Saraikistan and unofficially in Sindhi-Devanagari script in India) and Kashmiri (written in extended Perso-Arabic by Kashmiri Muslims and extended-Devanagari by Kashmiri Hindus).

Vowels

Hindustani vowels

IPA	Hindi		ISO 15919	Urdu				Approxi. English equivalent
	Initial	Final		Final		Medial	Initial
Шаблон:IPA link	अ	ा	a	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Nq	Шаблон:Lang	about
Шаблон:IPA link	आ		ā	Шаблон:Lang			Шаблон:Lang	far
Шаблон:IPA link	इ	ि	i	Шаблон:Lang		Шаблон:Nq	Шаблон:Lang	still
Шаблон:IPA link	ई	ी	ī			Шаблон:Nq	Шаблон:Lang	fee
Шаблон:IPA link	उ	ु	u	Шаблон:Lang		Шаблон:Nq	Шаблон:Lang	book
Шаблон:IPA link	ऊ	ू	ū	Шаблон:Nq			Шаблон:Lang	moon
Шаблон:IPA link	ए	े	ē	Шаблон:Lang		Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	mateШаблон:Verification needed
Шаблон:IPA link	ऐ	ै	ai	Шаблон:Nq		Шаблон:Nq	Шаблон:Lang	fairy
Шаблон:IPA link	ओ	ो	ō	Шаблон:Lang			Шаблон:Lang	force
Шаблон:IPA link	औ	ौ	au	Шаблон:Nq			Шаблон:Lang	lot (Received Pronunciation)
Шаблон:IPA link			h	Шаблон:Lang				(Aspirated sounds) cake
Шаблон:IPA link		ँ	m̐	Шаблон:Lang		Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	nasal vowel faun (Шаблон:IPA, etc.)
		ं	ṁ					jungle

Consonants

Hindustani has a rich set of consonants in its full-alphabet, since it has a mixed-vocabulary (rekhta) derived from Old Hindi (from Dehlavi), with loanwords from Parsi (from Pahlavi) and Arabic languages, all of which itself are from 3 different language-families respectively: Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Semitic.

The following table provides an approximate one-to-one mapping for Hindi-Urdu consonants, especially for computational purposes (lossless script conversion). Note that this direct script conversion will not yield correct spellings, but rather a readable text for both the readers. Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi language as well, for Gurmukhi (East Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (West Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of Urdu alphabets (with 2 extra consonants) and Gurmukhi font can be easily converted to Devanagari font.

Hindustani Consonants

PersoArabic	Roman	Devanagari	Comments
ک	k	क
کھ	kh	ख
ق	q	क़	The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as क
خ	k͟h	ख़	The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ख
گ	g	ग
غ	g͟h	ग़	The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ग
گھ	gh	घ
چ	c	च
چھ	ch	छ
ج	j	ज
جھ	jh	झ
ز	z	ज़	The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ज
ذ	ẕ	ज़़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as ज़)
ض	ẓ	ॹ	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as ज़)
ظ	z̤	ॹ़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as ज़)
ژ	zh	झ़	Used in direct Farsi loan-words
ٹ	ṭ	ट
ٹھ	ṭh	ठ
ڈ	ḍ	ड
ڈھ	ḍh	ढ
ڑ	ṛ	ड़	Colloquially, ṛ is often confused with ḍ and vice versa
ڑھ	ṛh	ढ़	Colloquially, ṛh is often confused with ḍh and vice versa
ت	t	त
تھ	th	थ
ط	t̤	त़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as त)
د	d	द
دھ	dh	ध
ن	n	न
پ	p	प
پھ	ph	फ
ف	f	फ़	The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as फ
ب	b	ब
بھ	bh	भ
م	m	म
ی	y	य
ر	r	र
ل	l	ल
و	v	व	و is transcribed as /w/ for Arabic words and /v/ for Indo-Iranian words
	w	व़
ش	sh	श
س	s	स
ص	ṣ	स़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as स)
ث	s̱	स़़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as स)
ہ	h	ह
ح	ḥ	ह़	(Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same sound as ह)
ۃ	ẖ	ह॒	Used only for Arabic-derived words (approximated in Devanagari)
ھ	h	ह	ھ is generally only used for aspirated consonants. Any individual usage is generally considered an error and to be taken as ہ
ع	ʿ	ʿ	Variable consonant placeholder

Sanskrit consonants

The following consonants are mostly used in words that are directly borrowed or adapted from Sanskrit.

Perso-Arabic	Roman	Devanagari	Remarks
ن٘	ṅ	ङ
ݩ	ñ	ञ	ݩ was introduced to write Gojri
ݨ	ṇ	ण	ݨ was introduced to write Shahmukhi
لؕ	ḷ	ळ	Rarely used in Shahmukhi
ݜ	ṣh	ष	ݜ was introduced to write Shina
ڔّ	r̥	ऋ

Implosive consonants

These consonants are mostly found only in languages like Sindhi and Saraiki.

Perso-Arabic	Roman	Devanagari
ڳ	g̤	ॻ
ڄ	j̈	ॼ
ݙ/ڏ	d̤	ॾ
ٻ	ḇ	ॿ

Numerals

Usage	Numeral System
Urdu	East-Arabic	۰	۱	۲	۳	۴	۵	۶	۷	۸	۹
International	Hindu-Arabic	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Hindi	Modern Devanagari	०	१	२	३	४	५	६	७	८	९

Punctuations & Symbols

Script	Period	Question Mark	Comma	Semi-colon	Slash	Percent	End of verse
Perso-Arabic	۔	؟	،	؛	؍	٪	۝
Modern Devanagari	।	?	,	;	/	%	॥

Sample text

The following is an excerpt from the Hindustani poem Tarānah-e-Hindi written by Muhammad Iqbal.

Perso-Arabic	Devanagari	Roman	English translation
Шаблон:Nastaliq	सारे जहाँ से अच्छा, हिन्दुसिताँ हमारा। हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी, यह गुलसिताँ हमारा॥	sāre jahā̃ se acchā, hindusitā̃ hamārā. ham bulbulẽ haĩ iskī, yah gulsitā̃ hamārā..	Better than the entire world, is our India. We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode.

See also

• Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation
• Hindustani orthography
• Sindhi transliteration
• Hindustan (Indo subcontinent)