Английская Википедия:Hindush
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Pakistani English Шаблон:Infobox Former Subdivision Hindush (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁, Шаблон:Transl, transcribed as Шаблон:Transl since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Шаблон:Transl) was a province of the Achaemenid Empire in lower Indus Valley established after the Achaemenid conquest circa 500 BC. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, it was the "easternmost province" of the empire. It is believed to have continued as a province until the invasion of the empire by Alexander the Great circa 326 BC.
Name
Hindush was written in Achaemenid inscriptions as Шаблон:Transl (Old Persian cuneiform: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl). It is also transliterated as Шаблон:Transl since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Шаблон:Transl).[1][2]
It is widely accepted that the name Шаблон:Transl derives from Шаблон:Transl, the Sanskrit name of the Indus river as well as the region at the lower Indus basin. The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.[3] The -sh suffix is common among the names of many Achaemenid provinces, such as Шаблон:Transl (the land of Harauvati or Haraxvaiti, i.e., Arachosia) or Шаблон:Transl (Bactria). Accordingly, Шаблон:Transl would mean the land of Шаблон:Transl.
The Greeks of Asia Minor, who were also part of the Achaemenid empire, called the province 'India'. More precisely, they called the people of the province as 'Indians' (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl[4]) The loss of the aspirate Шаблон:IPAslink was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in Asia Minor.[5][6] Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of Hindush to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.[7]
Geography
The territory of Hindush may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab region of Pakistan).[8][9][10] Hindush bordered Gandāra (spelt as Gaⁿdāra by the Achaememids) to the north. These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[11] Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab region.[9][12]
Hindush in the Achaemenid army
According to Herodotus, the 'Indians' participated to the Second Persian invasion of Greece circa 480 BCE.[13] At the final Battle of Platea (479 BCE), they formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations").[14][15] Indians were still supplying troops and elephants for the Achaemenid army at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE).[16] They are also depicted on the Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rostam and Persepolis.
Representatives of Hindush are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases, and as throne/ dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis The representatives of Hindush (as well as Gandara and Thatagus) in each in- stance are characterized by their loincloths, sandals, and exposed upper body, which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as Bactria and Arachosia.[17]
See also
References
Шаблон:Achaemenid Provinces Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.Old Persian p.164Old Persian p.13. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p.17Old Persian p.25
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 'Ινδοι, Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation: "Note finally that the letter H/η was originally used to mark word-initial aspiration... Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic-speaking area, the letter was recycled, being used first to denote the new, very open, long e-vowel [æ:] ... and then to represent the inherited long e-vowel [ε:] too, once these two sounds had merged. The use of H to represent open long e-vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic-speaking area and also to the Doric-speaking islands of the southern Aegean, where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e-vowels."
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation: "The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor (and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor)...In Attica, however (and in some cases in Euboea, its colonies, and in the Ionic-speaking islands of the Aegean), the aspiration survived until later... During the second half of the fifth century BC, however, orthographic variation perhaps indicates that 'a change in the phonetic quality of [h] was taking place' too."
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation: "The term 'Indians' was used by Herodotus as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia. This was also a significant development over Hekataios, who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ M. A. Dandamaev. "A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire" p 147. BRILL, 1989 Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Rafi U. Samad, The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 33 Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ "Hidus could be the areas of Sindh, or Taxila and West Punjab." in Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Herodotus VII 64-66
- ↑ "A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
