Английская Википедия:Hindustani vocabulary
Hindustani, also known as Hindi-Urdu, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit-derived vocabulary, which it gained through Prakrit.[1] As such the standardized registers of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level.[2] However, in formal speech, Hindi tends to draw on Sanskrit, while Urdu turns to Persian and sometimes Arabic.[3] This difference lies in the history of Hindustani, in which the lingua franca started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as Delhi, Lucknow and Hyderabad), under the Delhi Sultanate; this dialect came to be termed Urdu.[4][5]
The original Hindi dialects continued to develop alongside Urdu and according to Professor Afroz Taj, "the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term Hindustani."[5] In Colonial India, Hindi-Urdu acquired vocabulary introduced by Christian missionaries from the Germanic and Romanic languages, e.g. pādrī (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from padre, meaning pastor.[6]
When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the British Raj, Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible."[7] After the partition of India, political forces within India tried to further Sanskritize Hindi,[8] while political forces in Pakistan campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanskrit derived words from Urdu and supplant them with Persian and Arabic words.[9] Despite these government efforts, the film industry, Bollywood continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers;[10] in addition, many of the same television channels are viewed across the border.[11]
Linguistic classification
Hindi (हिन्दी Hindi) is one of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus etymologically Indo-European. However, centuries of borrowing has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins.
Examples of borrowed words
Шаблон:Urs Due to centuries of contact with Europeans, Turkic peoples, Arabs, Persians, and East Asians, Hindi-Urdu has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. Close contact with neighboring peoples facilitated the borrowing of words from other Indian languages, Chinese, Burmese, and several indigenous Austroasiatic languages of North India. After centuries of invasions from Persia and the Middle East, particularly under the Mughal Empire, numerous Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, European colonialism brought words from Portuguese, French, Dutch, and most significantly English. Some very common borrowings are shown below.
Borrowings from neighboring languages
Austroasiatic languages (देशज دیشج Deshaj)
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| आलू آلو ālū | potato |
| खोज کھوج khoj | discovery |
| चावल چاول cāwal | rice grains |
| चूल्हा چولہا cūlhā | oven, stove |
| झोल جھول jhol | gravy |
| टांग ٹانگ ṭaṅg | leg |
| ढोल ڈھول ḍhol | dhol, drum |
| पेट پیٹ peṭ | belly |
Chinese (चीनी چینی Chīnī)
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| चाय چائے cāy | tea | 茶 chá |
| चीनी چینی cīnī | sugar | |
| लीची لیچی līcī | lychee | 茘枝 lìzhī |
Borrowings from the Persianate era
Arabic (अरबी عربی Arabī)
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| अक़्ल عقل aqal | wisdom | عقل ‘aql |
| इलाक़ा علاقہ ilāqā | area | علاقة `alāqa "relationship, connection" |
| वज़न وزن vazan | weight | وزن wazn "scale" |
| क़बर قبر qabr | grave | قبر qubr |
| ख़बर خبر k͟habar | news | خبر khabar |
| ख़ाली خالی k͟hālī | empty | خالي khālī |
| ख़्याल خیال k͟hayāl | consideration | خيال khayal " imagination" |
| ग़रीब غریب ġarīb | poor | غريب gharīb "strange" |
| जवाब جواب javāb | answer | جواب jawāb |
| सवाल سوال sovāl | question | سؤال so'āl |
| जमा جمع jamā | collect | جمع jam‘ |
| तारीख़ تاریخ tārīk͟h | date | تاريخ tārīkh "history, date" |
| दुनिया دنیا duniyā | world | دنيا dunya |
| नक़ल نقل naqal | fake | نقل naql |
| फ़क़ीर فقیر faqīr | poor person | فقير faqīr |
| बदल بدل badal | exchange | بدل badl |
| बाक़ी باقی bāqī | remaining | بقي baqīy |
| साहब صاحب sāhab | sir | صاحب ṣāḥib "friend" |
| हिसाब حساب hisāb | calculation | حساب ḥisāb |
| मालिक مالک mālik | owner | مالك mālik "owner, proprietor, holder" |
| लज़ीज़ لذیذ lazeez | delicious | لذيذ latheeth "tasty" |
| किताब کتاب "kitāb" | book | كتاب
kitab "book" |
| एहतियात احتیاط "ehtiyāt" | precaution | احتياط
aihtiat "precaution,reserve" |
| शख़्स شخص "shakhs" | person | شخص shakhs "person" |
| शहीद شہید "shaheed" | martyr | شهيد shahid "martyr" |
| हद حد "had" | limit | حد hada "limit" |
| सेहत صحت "sehat" | health | صحة siha "health" |
Persian (फ़ारसी فارسی)
| Word | Meaning | Original Form |
|---|---|---|
| ख़ुश خوش khush | happy | خوشحال khushal |
| दर्द درد dard | pain | درد dərd |
| बदन بدن badan | body | بدن bədən |
| शायद شاید shayad | maybe | شاید shayad |
| हमेशा ہمیشہ hamesha | always | همیشه həmesha |
| साल سال saal | year | سال sāl |
| गरम گرم garam | warm | گرم gərm |
| आसमान آسمان aasman | sky | آسمان aasman |
| ज़मीं زمین zameen | land | زمین zəmeen "the earth" |
| रोज़ा روزہ roza | fasting | روزه roza "a fast" |
Turkish (तुर्की ترکی Turkī)
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| उर्दू اردو Urdu | Urdu | ordu "army" |
| क़ैंची قینچی qãincī | scissors | |
| क़ोरमा قورمہ qormā | korma | kavurma in Turkish |
| बावर्ची باورچی bāwarchī | cook, chef | Ashchi (soupmaker) in modern Turkish |
| बेगम بیگم begam | lady | begüm |
| लाश لاش lāś | corpse |
(Turkish pron. = lesh) |
| क़ुली قلی qulī | laborer, porter | porter, servant |
| घूर گھور ghūr | a stare, staring | göz (eye) in Turkish |
Borrowings from the Colonial Era
Portuguese (पुर्तगाली پرتگالی Purtugālī)
Portuguese borrowings mostly describe household items, fruits, and religious concepts dealing with Catholicism:
Household
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| अलमारी الماری almāri | closet, cupboard | armário |
| इस्तरी استریistrī | to iron | estirar (means to lengthen a cable) |
| इस्पात ایسپات ispāt | steel | espada "sword" |
| गमला گملا gamlā | basket | gamela "wooden trough" |
| चाबी چابی cābī | key | chave |
| जंगला جنگلا jaṅglā | window-railing | janela |
| तम्बाकू تمباکو tambākū | tobacco | tobacco |
| तौलिया تولیہ tauliyā | towel | toalha |
| फ़ीता فیتا fītā | lace, ribbon | fita |
| बराम्दा برآمدہ baramdā | verandah | varanda |
| बाल्टी بالٹی bāltī | pail | balde |
| साबुन صابن sābun | soap | sabão |
Food
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| अनानास انناس anānās | pineapple | ananás |
| काजू کاجو kāju | cashew | caju |
| गोभी گوبھیgobhī | cabbage, cauliflower | couve |
| पाउ रोटी پاو روٹی pāu roṭī | sliced bread | pão "bread" (generic name for bread) |
| पपीता پپیتا papītā | papaya | papaia |
| साबूदाना سابودانا sābūdānā | sago | sagu |
| सलाद سلاد salād | salad | salada |
Religion
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| क्रूस کروس krūs | cross | cruz |
| गिरजा گرجا girjā | church | igreja |
| पादरी پادری padrī | Christian priest/minister | padre |
Other
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| अंग्रेज़ انگریز aṅgrez | English | inglês |
French (फ़्रान्सीसी فرانسیسی Fransisi)
Only a handful of French borrowings are still used in Hindi today.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| कारतूस کارتوس kārtūs | cartridge | cartouche |
| रेस्तराँ ریستوراں restarā̃ | restaurant | restaurant |
English (अंग्रेज़ी انگریزی Aṅgrezī)
Most borrowed words of European origin in Hindi-Urdu were imported through English and involve civic and household concepts:
Civic Life
| Word | Original form |
|---|---|
| अफ़सर افسر afsar | officer |
| जेल جیل jel | jail |
| डॉक्टर ڈاکٹر ḍôktar | doctor |
| पुलिस پولیس pulis | police |
| बैंक بینک baiṅk | bank |
| वोट ووٹ voṭ | vote |
| स्कूल اسکول skūl/iskūl | school |
Household
| Word | Original form |
|---|---|
| कप کپ kap | cup |
| गिलास گلاس gilās | glass |
| टेबल ٹیبل ṭebal | table |
| बॉक्स بکس bôks | box |
| लालटेन لالٹین lālṭen | lantern |
| कनस्तर کنستر kanastar | canister |
References
See also
- Hindustani etymology
- Hindustani grammar
- Hindustani orthography
- Hindustani phonology
- Hindi-Urdu kinship terms
