Английская Википедия:Historic Cherokee settlements

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates

Файл:Map of the former territorial limits of the Cherokee "Nation of" Indians ; Map showing the territory originally assigned Cherokee "Nation of" Indians. LOC 99446145.jpg
Map of the Former Territorial Limits of the Cherokee "Nation of" Indians Exhibiting Various Cessations Made by Them to the Colonies and the United States, C.C. Royce, 1884

The historic Cherokee settlements were Cherokee settlements established in Southeastern North America up to the removals of the early 19th century. Several settlements had existed prior to and were initially contacted by explorers and colonists of the colonial powers as they made inroads into frontier areas. Others were established later.

In the early 18th century, an estimated 2100 Cherokee people inhabited more than sixteen towns east of the Blue Ridge Mountains and across the Piedmont plains in what was then considered Indian Country.[1][2]Шаблон:Page needed[3][notes 1] Generally, European visitors noted only the towns with townhouses. Some of their maps included lesser settlements, but "the centers of towns were clearly marked by townhouses and plazas."[4]

The early Cherokee towns east of the Blue Ridge Mountains were geographically divided into two regions: the Lower Towns (of the Piedmont coastal plains in what are now northeastern Georgia and western South Carolina), and the Middle/Valley/Out Towns (east of the Appalachian Mountains). A third group, the Overhill Towns, located on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, made up the remainder of the Cherokee settlements of the time.[3] Within each regional group, towns exhibited close economic, linguistic, and religious ties; they were often developed for miles along rivers and creeks.[1] Satellite villages near the regional towns often bore the same or similar names to the regional centers. The minor settlements shared architecture and a common culture, but they maintained political autonomy.[1]

Town locations

No list could ever be complete of all Cherokee settlements; however, in 1755 the government of South Carolina noted several known towns and settlements. Those identified were grouped into six "hunting districts:" 1) Overhill, 2) Middle, 3) Valley, 4) Out Towns, 5) Lower Towns, and 6) the Piedmont settlements, also called Keowee towns, as they were along the Keowee River.[5] In 1775 – May 1776, explorer and naturalist William Bartram described a total of 43 Cherokee towns in his Travels in North America, after living for a time in the area. Cherokee were living in each of them.[5][6]

The Cherokee also established new settlements—or moved existing settlements—using the same or very similar names from one location to another, as the names were associated with a community of people.[4] This practice complicated the historical recording and tracking by Europeans of many early settlement locations.[7] Examples of this practice of repeated names include "Sugar Town," "Chota/Echota," and "Etowa/h," to name just a few.[7]

Lower / Keowee settlements

The Lower Towns in that period were considered to be those in the northern part of the Colony of Georgia and northwestern area of the Colony of South Carolina; many were based along the Keowee River,[5] including: the major towns of Seneca and Keowee New Towne; as well as, Cheowie, Cowee, Coweeshee, Echoee, Elejoy, Estatoie, Old Keowee, Oustanalla, Oustestee, Tomassee, Torsalla, Tosawa (also later spelled Toxaway), Torsee, and Tricentee.[5][8] In addition, since the late 20th century, archeologists have identified historic Cherokee townhouses dating from the sixteenth through the early eighteenth century[1] at the towns known as Chauga (where the Cherokee were identified as occupying it in the last of four phases) and Chattooga site, both in present-day western South Carolina; and Tugalo, in present-day northeastern Georgia. The latter site is now inundated by Lake Hartwell.[4]

Middle, Valley, and Out Towns

Файл:Littletennesseerivermap.png
Little Tennessee River and watershed; Hiwassee River to the south, Tuckaseegee to the north

The Middle Towns of western North Carolina Colony were primarily along the upper Little Tennessee River and its tributaries.[9] The Cherokee towns and related settlements in this area included Comastee, Cotocanahuy, Euforsee, Little Telliquo, Nayowee, Nuckasee, Steecoy, and Watoge.[1]

Since the late 20th century, the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and partners have reacquired some of these former town sites in their homeland for preservation. These include the sites of Nuckasee, Steecoy, and Watoge along the Little Tennessee River. These will be featured as part of the planned "Nikwasi-Cowee Corridor".[10][11][12]

The Valley Towns consisted of those along the upper Hiwassee River and its tributary the Valley River, and the Nantahala River, which flowed into the Little Tennessee River from the south. These rivers were all south of the Little Tennessee.[9][13] Valley Towns included Chewohe, Tomately, and Quanassee.[5]

The Out Towns were located slightly north of the Little Tennessee, mainly along its tributary the Tuckaseegee River and its tributary, the Oconaluftee River.[9] Towns and settlements included Conontoroy, Joree, Kittowa (the 'mother town' of the Cherokee, which was reacquired by the EBCI in 1996), Nununyi, Oustanale, Tucharechee, and Tuckaseegee.[5][8][14]

Overhill settlements

Файл:Overhill-cherokee-little-tennessee.jpg
Overhill towns of the Cherokee

Шаблон:Anchor Both the Little Tennessee River and the Hiwassee River flowed through the mountains into what is present-day Tennessee, where they ultimately each flowed into the Tennessee River at different points. Early Cherokee Overhill settlements included those on the lower Little Tennessee River: Chilhowee, Chota, Citico, Mialoquo, Tallassee, Tanasi, Tomotley, Toqua, and Tuskegee (Island Town); those on the Tellico River: Chatuga and Great Tellico; and those on the lower Hiwassee River: Chestowee and Hiwassee Old Town.[1][13][5][8]

1776 town losses

Following the failed two-prong attack against the frontier settlements of the Washington District in the summer of 1776, the colonies of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia mounted a retaliatory attack against all the Cherokee towns. It was known as the Rutherford Light Horse expedition, and militias attacked the Cherokee on both sides of the mountains, destroying many towns. The Cherokee had allied with the British in the hopes of expelling the newly independent US colonists from their territory. After these attacks, the Cherokee sued for peace with the Americans. By January 1777 the Upper Town Cherokee had made a peace.[15]

New towns period

A large following of Cherokee, however, refused to settle with the encroaching Americans and moved further south. Under the war chiefs Dragging Canoe, Black Fox, and Little Turkey, they settled many additional locations throughout the southeastern United States, mostly driven by events of the ongoing Cherokee–American wars.[1] This Chickamauga faction moved further downstream on the Tennessee River system, establishing 11 new towns well away from the American frontier.[15]

Following further conflicts with the military of the fledgling United States, in 1782 Dragging Canoe established five new "Lower Towns" even further downstream along the Tennessee River. The original five towns included: Running Water town (Amogayunyi) (Dragging Canoe's new headquarters); Long Island on the Holston (Amoyeligunahita); Crow Town (Kagunyi); Lookout Mountain town (Utsutigwayi, or Stecoyee); and Nickajack (Ani-Kusati-yi, meaning Koasati Old-place). The Chickamauga also re-established a small military presence in Tuskegee Island Town at this time.Шаблон:Citation needed

Additional settlements in the area were quickly developed, following the arrival of more members to join Dragging Canoe's force. These people became known more properly as the Lower Cherokee, as opposed to Chickamauga. Their settlements included the major, regional town of Creek Path town (Kusanunnahiyi); Turkeytown; Turnip town (Ulunyi); Willstown (Titsohiliyi); and Chatuga (Tsatugi).[16]

Leadership

The Cherokee were highly decentralized and their towns were the most important units of government.[17][13] The Cherokee Nation did not yet exist. Before 1788, the only leadership role that existed with the Cherokee people was a town's or region's "First Beloved Man" (or Uku).[18] The First Beloved Man would be the usual contact person and negotiator for the people under his leadership, especially when dealing with European or frontier government representatives.[17][18]

Starting in 1788, a supreme First Beloved Man was elected to run a national Cherokee council. This group alternated between meeting at Willstown and Turkeytown, but it convened irregularly and had little authority with the people. The First Beloved Man of each town still maintained a substantial amount of authority.[19] The murders of the Overhill pacifist chiefs—including Old Tassel, the regional headman—who that same year were lured to parley with the State of Franklin and ambushed instead, resulted in an increasingly violent period between the Cherokee and American settlers. A definitive peace was finally achieved in 1794. The ambush had resulted in driving many of the Upper Cherokee, who at the time were more supportive of some adaptation to European-American ways, into union with the Lower Cherokee leadership.Шаблон:Citation needed

By the time of Dragging Canoe's death (January 29, 1792), the Cherokee settlements of the Lower Towns had increased from five to seven. The re-populated New Keowee was still the principal town of the region.[19] Up until 1794, when the fighting stopped and the national council ground moved to Ustanali,[15] the Cherokee remained a fragmented people. At the founding of the first Cherokee Nation in 1794, the now united people still controlled a large area encompassing lands now located in several states, including: Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Cherokee Nation's five regional councils of 1794 comprised 1) the Overhill Towns; 2) the Hill Towns; 3) the traditional Valley Towns; 4) the new Upper Towns (these were the former Lower Towns of southern North Carolina, western South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia); and 5) the new Lower Towns (newly occupied settlements located in north and central Alabama, southeastern Tennessee, and far northwestern Georgia).Шаблон:Citation needed

Peacetime

The constant warfare took its toll on the traditional Cherokee settlements. Several had become permanently de-populated by the turn of the 19th century. The settled areas stabilized for a time following the 1794 establishment of the Cherokee Nation and partial acculturation[15] of the people in the east. Following The Removal era (1815–1839), however, many of these settlements were all but abandoned forever.

Шаблон:-

Cherokee settlements

Шаблон:More citations needed

A partial list of pre-removal Cherokee settlements
Town or settlement Native &
alternate names 		Syllabary Location
today 		State Group* Site
status 		Notable resident(s) Importance
notes
Black Fox Inaliyi ᎡᎾᎵᏱ On the Clinch River near Black Fox, Bradley County, Tennessee TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist (before 1788) Established by Dragging Canoe's Chickamauga Cherokee faction, c.1777; flooded by Norris Lake
Cayuga town Cayoka ᎦᏳᎦ On Hiwassee Island in Hamilton County TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist established by Dragging Canoe
Chatanugi Tsatanugi ᏣᏔᏄᎩ Along Chattanooga Creek in St. Elmo neighborhood, Chattanooga, Hamilton County TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Choctaw-nooga was established by Dragging Canoe[notes 2]
Chatuga[5][1] Tsaduga
Chatugee 		ᏣᏚᎦ Polk County TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Sister-town of Great Tellico.[1]
Chestowee[1] Chestue ᏤᏍᏚᎢ on the Hiwassee River in Bradley County TN MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Originally a Yuchi settlement whose fall to the Cherokee marked their rise as a regional power.
Chickamauga town Tsikamagi ᏥᎦᎹᎩ On the Tennessee–Georgia line; along Chickamauga Creek TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist A Creek town occupied by those following Dragging Canoe in 1776–1777; became common frontier name for his faction of Cherokee.
Chilhowee[1] Tsulunwe
Chilhowey 		ᏧᎷᎾᎢ Along the Little Tennessee in Monroe County TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Originally the Muscogee town of Chalahume; on the Little Tennessee River;[notes 3] burned in late 1776 prior to William Christian's combined ranger and militia attack during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20] flooded by the Chilhowee Lake.
Chota[1][5] Echota
Chote
Itsati
Itsasa[1] 		ᎢᏣᏘ or ᎢᏣᏌ On the Little Tennessee River in Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist[1] Principal city of the Overhill Cherokee, c.1748–1788;[1] flooded by Tellico Lake.
Citico Old Towne[1][5]
Satapo 		Settacoo
Sittiquo 		ᏎᏖᎫ In Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Probable location of "Satapo Village" visited by Juan Pardo; near the confluence of the Little Tennessee River and the lower Tellico River, The Cherokee abandoned and burned the town —along with several other Overhill settlements—prior to, or immediately following, the attacks on the Wautaga settlements in mid-1776, and what was left of the town and fields were razed in late 1776 by the William Christian's Virginian combined ranger and militia element during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20] flooded by Tellico Lake.
Citico[1][5] Sitiku ᏎᏔᎫ In Chattanooga, Hamilton County TN LT-11[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Moved to Chickamauga Creek area from the Old Towne before 1777, as its entire population followed Dragging Canoe south; archeological site demolished for a private college student-housing development in 2017.
Coyotee town Coyote ᎪᏲᏘ TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist
Ducktown[21] Gawonvyi
Kawana[22] 		ᎦᏬᏅᏱ Ducktown, Polk County TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist In the 1840s and 1850s, Ducktown was called "Hiwassee" or "Hiawassee."[21]
Great Hiwassee[1] Ayuhwasi Egwaha
Euphase 		ᎠᏴᏩᏏ ᎢᏆᎭ Polk County TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Important Overhill Cherokee town located along the Hiwassee River.[1][notes 4]
Great Island[1][5] Mialoquo
Amayelegwa
Big Island 		ᎠᎹᏰᎴᏆ Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Under the leadership of Attakullakulla, father of Dragging Canoe; burned in late 1776 by William Christian's combined ranger and militia element during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20] an island now submerged in the Little Tennessee River.
Great Tellico[1] Telliquo
Talikwa 		ᏔᎵᏆ or ᏖᎵᏉ near Tellico Plains in Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Principal city of the Cherokee 1730 – c.1748; burned in late 1776 prior to William Christian's combined ranger and militia attack during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20]
Little Tellico[1] Little Telliquo TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Sister village of Great Tellico.
Long Island on the Holston Amoyeli-gunahita ᎠᎼᏰᎵ ᎫᎾᎯᏔ Site is now Kingsport, Tennessee on border of Sullivan – Hawkins counties TN LT-5 Шаблон:Bulletlist
Nickajack Koasati place
Ani-Kusati-yi
(Niquatse’gi) 		ᎠᏂ ᎫᏌᏘ Ᏹ (ᏂᏆᏤᎩ) Marion County TN LT-5 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist (after 1782) Nickajack Cave and surrounding areas were settled and inhabited by Chickamauga starting c.1777; site partially flooded by the Nickajack Lake in 1967.[notes 5]
Ocoee Ocoee ᎣᎪᎢ Ocoee, Polk County TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist
Ultiwa Ooltewah ᎤᎳᏘᏩ Near Ooltewah, Hamilton County TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Founded by the skiagusta, Ostenaco.
Opelika Opelika ᎤᏇᎵᎦ Near East Ridge, Hamilton County TN LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Running Water town Amogayunyi ᎠᎼᎦᏳᎾᏱ now Whiteside, Marion County TN LT-5 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Later Chickamauga head-town
Sawtee Itsati ᎢᏣᏘ Between South Sauta Creek and North Chickamauga Creek in Hamilton County TN LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist
Tallassee[1][5] Talassee
Talisi
Tellassee 		ᏔᎵᏏ near the Calderwood, a ghost town in Blount County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Southernmost of the Overhill Cherokee towns; population left after signing of the Treaty of Calhoun (1819); site submerged by Chilhowee Lake.[notes 6]
Tanasi[1][5] Tennessee ᏔᎾᏏ On Little Tennessee River, Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Principal city of the Cherokee until 1730;[1] site submerged by Tellico Lake.
Tomotley[1][5] Tamahli ᏔᎹᏟ Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist[1] Site is adjacent to Toqua, one of its satellite villages;[1] flooded by Tellico Lake.
Toqua[1][5] Dakwayi ᏓᏆᏱ or ᏙᏆ Monroe County TN OH[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Adjacent to Tomotley; burned in late 1776 prior to William Christian's combined ranger and militia attack during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20] re-occupied by Dragging Canoe c.1777; flooded by Tellico Reservoir.
Tuckasegee Tuckasegee
Dvkasigi 		ᏛᎧᏏᎩ Far East Tennessee Unicoi Mountains TN MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Site very near the North Carolina–Tennessee state line and the town of Tuckasegee.
Tuckasegee Tuckasegee
Dvkasigi 		ᏛᎧᏏᎩ Western NCorth Carolina, upper Tuckasegee River NC MVO Site on the upper Tuckaseegee River; shown on Kichin 1760 map and others
Tuskegee Island Town[1][5] Taskigi
Toskegee 		ᏔᏥᎩ Near Williams Island in Chattanooga, Monroe County TN OH / (LT-5)[5] Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist[1] Burned in late 1776 prior to William Christian's combined ranger and militia attack during the Cherokee War of 1776;[20] but re-occupied by the Chickamauga at the time of the move to the five Lower Towns; site submerged by Tellico Reservoir.
Wautaga[23] Watagi[24] ᏩᏔᎩ On the Wautaga River next to Elizabethton, Carter County[23] TN OH Шаблон:Bulletlist Burned 1776.
Cane Creek[25][8] Coweeshee
Coweshe 		ᎪᏫᏍᎯ On Cane Creek[25] in Oconee County. SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist A satellite village of Keowee; burned along with its corn fields by Neel (1776).
Canuga town[25] Canugi ᎧᏅᎦ On the Keowee in Pickens County[25] SC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Chatuga Old Town[25] Tsatugi
Chatogy 		ᏣᏚᎩ On the Chattooga River, Oconee County[25] SC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Burned in 1776 by Col. Neel in the Williamson Campaign.[25]
Chauga[25] Chawgee[25]
Takwashwaw 		ᏣᎤᎩ or ᏔᏆᏍᏆ Between the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers in Oconee County[25] SC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Flooded by Lake Hartwell on the Tugaloo.
Cheowee[25] Chiowee
Chehowee; 		ᏤᎣᏫ or ᏥᎣᏫ Oconee County[25] SC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Cherokee fled from Creek incursions in 1752; town burned in 1776 by Col. Neel in the Williamson Campaign.[25]
Cowee[5][8] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Ustanately[5][8] Ustana'li'
Eustanali 		ᎤᏍᏔᎾᏟ On the Keowee River in Oconee County SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Abandoned in late 1751 when Creek Indians attacked.
Ecochee[25] Echy
Echay
Echia 		ᎡᎪᏥ or ᎡᏤ On the Savannah River and the Toxaway Creek. SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist "...Forsaken and destroyed..."[25] by 1770.
Ellijay[25][5] Elijoy
Elatse'yi' 		ᎡᎳᏤᏱ Oconee County[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Was near the headwaters of Keowee on the site of old Camp Jocasse (early 1900s);[25] one of three settlements with this name;
Estanari Oustlnare
lstanory 		ᎡᏍᏔᎾᎵ Oconee County[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Eustaste[25][8] Ousteste
Ustustee
Oustana[25] 		ᎤᏍᏖᏍᏖ SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Destroyed in 1776 by Williamson.[25]
Estatoie[25][5] Eastato
Eslootow
Oustato
Easttohoe[25] 		ᎡᏍᏔᏙᏪ On the Tugalo River[25][8] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Estatoe was reestablished just downstream from the original site; Estatoe Old Towne was a regional political center from 1730 to at least 1753; occupied by the Creeks (late 1750s); re-populated by Cherokee afterward; Montgomerie burned the town in 1760[25] and Williamson in 1776.
Seneca Old Towne[24] Isunigu
Esseneca
Senekaw 		ᎢᏑᏂᎬ On the Keowee River, near present-day Clemson and Seneca in Oconee County. SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Attacked prior to the Battle of Twelve Mile Creek involving Williamson's force; flooded by Lake Hartwell reservoir;[notes 7] the modern day town of Seneca, South Carolina is its namesake, although the meaning of the transliterated "Isunigu" is lost.[25] Across the river from Hopewell plantation (see Three Treaties of Hopewell).
Old Keowee[7][5] Keyhowe ᎨᎣᏫ On the Keowee River in Oconee County.[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Located along the Lower Cherokee Traders Path; it was the largest of the "Lower Towns" and part of the Upper Road through the Piedmont; across the river from Fort Prince George; destroyed by the British, Creeks, and Chickasaws in 1760;[25] flooded by Lake Keowee.[26]
Keowee New Towne[25] Kuwoki
Little Keowee[25] 		ᎫᏬᎩ West of Keowee, on Mile Creek in Pickens County.[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Established 1752 following the break-up of the Lower Towns in anticipation of Creek raids;[25] Expedition under James Grant killed all male inhabitants in 1760 (woman and children spared); this is the "Keowee" destroyed by Pickens and Williamson in 1776; de-populated c.1816 when residents moved to Qualla Boundary.[25]
Noyowee Nayowee
No-a-wee 		ᏃᏲᏫ On the Chauga River in Oconee County SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Attacked by the Creek in 1724; destroyed during the Williamson Campaign of 1776;[25] there were several Lower Towns named Nayowee.[25]
Oconee Town[25] Ae-quo-nee
Uquunu 		ᎤᏊᏄ Near Oconee Station,[27] in the Pickens District now Oconee County. SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist The British razed the town in 1760; the Americans burned it in 1776;[25] was at the intersection of the Indian trading path and the Cherokee treaty boundary of 1777; Oconee County is its namesake.[25]
Qualhatchie[25] Qualahatchie
Quaratchee
Qualucha[25] 		ᏆᎳᎭᏥ Straddled Crow Creek SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist British Colonel Montgomerie burned the town in 1760; in 1776, it was again burned to the ground—without a battle—by the Americans.[25]
Saluda Old Town Tsaludiyi ᏣᎷᏗᏱ Below Ninety-Six, Greenwood County SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist One of the seven original Cherokee mother towns.[notes 8]
Socony Soquani
Socauny[25] 		ᏐᏆᏂ Site is at the junction of Twelve Mile River and Town Creek, near Pickens, Pickens County SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist The easternmost of the Cherokee settlements in 1775; burned in 1776 by Col. Neel in the Williamson Campaign.[25]
Sugar Town of Toxso[24][25] Conasatchee
Kulsetsiyi[25] 		ᎫᎳᏎᏥᏱ Above Fort Prince George (on the Keowee River near Salem in Oconee County)[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Sacked and burned in 1760 by the British; destroyed by Williamson raid August 4, 1776; flooded by Lake Jocassee reservoir; there were several historic towns named "Sugartown" in the Cherokee lands of the southeastern United States; this is the most documented location.[7][24][25]
Tamassee Town[28][25] Tomassee
Tomatly[25][8] 		ᏔᎹᏏ On the Little River system of Oconee County.[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Was abandoned during the Creek wars of the 1740s & 1750s; re-populated by 1775; burned in 1776 during the Williamson Campaign; was the site of Andrew Pickens' tactical "Ring fight" against the towns' Cherokee defenders in 1776.[25]
Torsalla[5][8] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Torsee[5][8] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Toxaway[5][8] Toicksaw
Tusoweh
Toxsaah[25] 		ᏚᏆᏌᎢ On Toxaway River in Oconee County.[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist[25] Burned by Montgomery in 1760; rebuilt by 1762; burned during American Revolutionary War expedition and finally abandoned on August 6, 1776.[25]
Tricentee[5][8] ᏟᏎᎾᏘ Oconee County.[25] SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist A satellite of Cane Creek.[25]
Tucharechee Takwashuaw ᏚᏣᎴᏥ Oconee County SC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist
Brasstown[29] Brass
Ûňtsaiyĭ
Itse'yĭШаблон:' 		ᎡᏦᏪ Site is now Brasstown Clay and Cherokee counties[29] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist One of several locations with the "Brasstown" name.[25][notes 9] population removed to Indian Territory in 1838.
Chewohe[5] Chewohee ᏤᏬᎯ NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Conoske[1] Comastee NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Cotocanahuy[1] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Etowah mountain town italwa ᎡᏙᏩ Near Etowah, Henderson County NC LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Burned in the Rutherford Light Horse expedition;[30][notes 10]
Euforsee[1] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Joree[5][8] Jore ᏲᎵ NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist
Kituwa[5][8] Keetoowah
Giduwa[25] 		ᎩᏚᏩ Just outside Bryson City, Swain County NC MVO[25] Шаблон:Bulletlist Principal town of the original seven Cherokee settlements, or "mother towns;"[25] Abandoned in 1761 when inhabitants fled west and founded Great Island Town.[31]
Nanthahala Aquone ᎠᏉᏁ Site near Aquone Macon County, North Carolina community NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Submerged by Nantahala Lake.
Nikwasi[5][8] Noquisi
Nequassee 		ᏃᏈᏍᎢ or ᏁᏆᏍᎢ Site is along Little Tennessee River in Franklin, Macon County NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist No-kwee-shee was destroyed by Rutherford; residents forced into the Qualla Boundary in 1819; a platform mound is the only extant feature left of the town.
Nayuhi[1] Nayowee ᎾᏳᎯ On the Valley River in Cherokee County, North Carolina NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist There were several Lower Towns named 'Nayowee.'[25]
Nununyi[1] Nuanha ᏄᏄᎾᏱ On the Oconaluftee River, near present-day Cherokee NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist One of the seven mother towns of the Cherokee; destroyed by Rutherford; the main platform mound is still largely intact (2020); listed on the NRHP in 1980.
Spike Buck Town[32] Quanassee
Quanasi 		ᏆᎾᏏ Town developed around a mound along the Hiwassee River; today it is in downtown Hayesville[32] NC Шаблон:Bulletlist Listed on the NRHP and designated a memorial site in Veterans Recreational Park.[33]
Sugar Town on the Cullasaja[24] Kulsetsi[24] ᎫᎳᏎᏥᏱ Site on the Cullasaja River and very near Nikwasi town) on the Little Tennessee River in Macon County[24] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist One of several "Sugartowns;"[24] satellite town of Nikwasi.[25]
Little Hiwassee town Near Hiwassee Village, Cherokee County NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist The Bowl[34] Head man was The Bowl before its late 18th century abandonment; minor satellite town of Tomotla; flooded by the Lake Hiwassee reservoir impoundment[35][34]
Tomotla[36][29] Tomahli
Tamali
Tomotli 		ᏔᎹᎵ or ᏙᎼᏟ Near Tomotla, Cherokee County[29] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist The name "Tomotla" is from the historic Yamasee inhabitants before they were expelled by the Cherokee in 1715. The Cherokee periodically inhabited the town.[29]
Too-Cowee[5][8] Cowee
Stecoah
Steecoy 		ᏤᎪᎠ Located on the Little Tennessee River, north of present-day Franklin, North Carolina, Macon County NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Badly damaged in late 1776 by the Rutherford Light Horse expedition; re-populated following the raid, but eventually abandoned
Ustalli[5][8] Ustaly;
Oustanale 		ᎤᏍᏔᎵ On the upper Hiwassee River in Clay County NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist Burned in a John Sevier raid in 1788.
Watauga village[23] Wattoogi
Watoge[23] 		ᏩᏚᎩ Mound and village on the Little Tennessee near Franklin, Macon County[23] NC MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist
Brasstown[25][5] Echoee
Etchowee 		ᎡᏦᏪ Site is on Upper Brasstown Creek (tributary to the upper Hiwassee), somewhere near Brasstown, Oconee County GA MVO Шаблон:Bulletlist One of several locations with the "Brasstown" name; this one is near Brasstown Bald.[25]
Buffalo Yunsayi ᏴᎾᏌᏱ Near Ringgold, Catoosa County GA LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Founded by Dragging Canoe as part of the relocation of Cherokee away from white settlements.
Conasauga[37][38] Cunasagee ᎫᎾᏌᎩ Site is in Gilmer County GA LT Шаблон:Bulletlist Now a ghost town.[37][notes 11]
Coosawattee town[25] Kuswatiyi ᎫᏌᏩᏘᏱ GA LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist "Old Coosa Place"[7]
Chatuga[39] Head-of-Coosa[39][7] ᏣᏚᎦ or ᎢᏙᏩ Rome, Floyd County[40] GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist (See Etowah New Towne) Was a satellite village of, and built close to, Etowah New Towne; site holdings auctioned off to citizens of Georgia, in 1839, along with Etowah New Towne.[39] De-populated by forced removal of Cherokee in 1838.
Estatoe Ishtatohe[41] Along the Savannah River GA LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Reestablished after the old town was destroyed by Creek attack
Etowah New Towne Hightower[42] ᎡᏙᏩ Now Rome, Floyd County[40] GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist[40] Town site near the confluence of the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers, which forms the Coosa River (the "Head of the Coosa", Chatuga);[39] site holdings auctioned to citizens of Georgia, 1839;[39] de-populated by forced removal in 1838; the Battle of Hightower, the Last Battle of the Cherokee occurred here on October 17, 1793.[43]
Etowah Old Towne Old Hightower[42] ᎡᏙᏩ On the north shore of the Etowah River near Cartersville, Bartow County GA LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Site is across the Etowah (Hightower) River from the Etowah Indian Mounds.
Lookout Mountain town Utsutigwayi
Stecoyee 		ᎤᏧᏘᏆᏱ or ᏤᎪᏱ Is now the site of Trenton, Dade County GA LT-5 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Established by Dragging Canoe; he died here in 1792.
Nacoochee Nagutsi
Nagoochee 		ᎾᎫᏥ On the coastal plane; on the Chattahoochee River in White County GA LT Шаблон:Bulletlist Sometimes called "Chota."[notes 12]
New Town / New Echota Ganasagi
Kanasaki 		ᎦᎾᏌᎩ Calhoun, Gordon County GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Capital of the Cherokee Nation in the Southeastern United States from founding as New Town (1819) until their forced removal in the 1830s; renamed 'New Echota' in 1825; site abuts historic site of former capital, Ustinali; de-populated by the Trail of Tears 1830s; vacant for over 100 years; now a state park.
Red Clay[44] Elawa'-Diyi ᎡᎳᏬᏗᏱ Now Red Clay, Whitfield County GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist
Sugar town on the Toccoa[25] Connetoga
Kulsetsiyi 		ᎫᎳᏎᏥᏱ At the confluence of the Toccoa River and Sugar Creek, in Georgia[24] GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist One of several Cherokee settlements named "Sugartown".[25][24]
Tugalo[25] Dugiluyi
Toogoloo
Toogalooh 		ᏚᎩᎷᏱ At junction of Tugalo River and Toccoa Creek near present-day Toccoa in Stephens County GA LTK Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist An ancient, abandoned Creek Indian town; re-settled by Cheokee, but attacked by the Creeks in 1724; burned by Pickens on August 10, 1776, following the Battle of Tugaloo; excavated 1956 by Dr. Joseph Caldwell before completion of Hartwell Dam; flooded by Lake Hartwell.
Turnip town Ulunyi ᎤᎷᎾᏱ Seven miles from Rome, Floyd County GA LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist
Ustinali Oothacalooga
Oostanaula 		ᎤᏍᏘᎾᎵ or ᎤᏍᏔᎾᎵ Near Calhoun, Gordon County GA LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist National Council meeting place (capital city) from 1809 to 1819; site abuts New Echota Town; The name, Ustinali, was sometimes used interchangeably with New Echota in reference to the home of the Cherokee National Council.
Brown's Village[45] On Brown's Creek, near Red Hill, Marshall County[46][45] AL LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist
Coldwater Near Muscle Shoals (Dagunohi), Colbert County; AL LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Joint occupation by Chickamauga and Chickasaw; Doublehead's base of operations during the Cherokee–American wars; razed by James Robertson's Cumberland militia in 1787; then became site of Colbert's Ferry, the Tennessee River crossing-place of the Natchez Trace trail.
Coosada Coosadi ᎫᏌᏓ In Coosada, Elmore County AL LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist
Cornsilk Village[45] Unenudo ᎤᏁᏄᏙ On Cornsilk Pond, 1.5 miles south of Warrenton Marshall County AL LTT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist
Creek Path town Kusanunahi[45] ᎫᏌ ᏄᎾᎯ Site is four miles southeast of Guntersville, Marshall County[45] AL LLT Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Very Important regional Cherokee town with a population of 400–500; close to Browns Town.[45]
Crow Town Kagunyi ᎧᎫᎾᏱ Near Stevenson, Jackson County AL LT-5 Шаблон:Bulletlist Sister-town of, and located near to, Running Water town
Littafulchee Litafulche ᎵᏔᏡᎳᏥ Along Canoe Creek, Calhoun County AL X Шаблон:Bulletlist Probably originally a Creek Indian town.
Tallaseehatche ᏔᎳᏏᎭᏥ In Calhoun County AL X Шаблон:Bulletlist Originally a Creek Indian or Chickasaw town.
Turkeytown Gundigaduhunyi ᎫᎾᏗᎦᏚᎱᎾᏱ Near Centre, Cherokee County AL LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist "Turkey's Town" (Gun'-di'ga-duhun'yi) was named after the founder of the settlement, Chickamauga, Little Turkey, a war chief of Dragging Canoe's. At one point it stretched for about 25 miles along both banks of the Coosa, being the largest of the contemporary Cherokee towns; seat of the Lower Towns council after 1794, alternating with Willstown until 1809.
Willstown[47] Titsohili ᏘᏦᎯᎵ Near Fort Payne, DeKalb County[47] AL LT-11 Шаблон:Bulletlist Шаблон:Bulletlist Seat of the Lower Towns council after 1794, alternating with Turkeytown until 1809;[47] large settlement stretching from DeKalb to Etowah counties.

Шаблон:Quotebox

Шаблон:-

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Cherokee

authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,28 1,29 1,30 1,31 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,35 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 5,12 5,13 5,14 5,15 5,16 5,17 5,18 5,19 5,20 5,21 5,22 5,23 5,24 5,25 5,26 5,27 5,28 5,29 5,30 5,31 5,32 5,33 5,34 5,35 5,36 5,37 5,38 5,39 5,40 5,41 5,42 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Cherokee; WebPage; Oklahoma Historical Society online, retrieved January 21, 2021
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Traditional Cherokee Government; edit board; January 24, 2011; WebPage; Native American Roots online; accessed January 21, 2021
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire; Hoig, Stanley W.; University of Arkansas Press; (first ed. February 1999/) July 1, 1999); Fayetteville, Arkansas; Шаблон:Isbn; retrieved January 21, 2021
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 20,5 Шаблон:Cite report
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 24,4 24,5 24,6 24,7 24,8 24,9 Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ 25,00 25,01 25,02 25,03 25,04 25,05 25,06 25,07 25,08 25,09 25,10 25,11 25,12 25,13 25,14 25,15 25,16 25,17 25,18 25,19 25,20 25,21 25,22 25,23 25,24 25,25 25,26 25,27 25,28 25,29 25,30 25,31 25,32 25,33 25,34 25,35 25,36 25,37 25,38 25,39 25,40 25,41 25,42 25,43 25,44 25,45 25,46 25,47 25,48 25,49 25,50 25,51 25,52 25,53 25,54 25,55 25,56 25,57 25,58 25,59 25,60 25,61 25,62 25,63 25,64 25,65 25,66 25,67 25,68 25,69 Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Oco не указан текст
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:NRISref
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 The Bowl; TSHA; retrieved December 2022
  35. ↑ Lake Hiwassee, North Carolina; Lakes Online.com; retrieved December 2022
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Bright не указан текст
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 39,4 Шаблон:Cite journal and Шаблон:NHLS url Шаблон:Small
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 40,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 45,3 45,4 45,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 Шаблон:Cite web


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