Английская Википедия:History of air traffic control in the United Kingdom
Шаблон:Short description The history of air traffic control in the United Kingdom began in the late 1950s, and early 1960s, when an integrated and coordinated system began, once radar had become sufficiently advanced to allow this.
London Airport
On 15 July 1919, the world's first commercial flight occurred, when Henry Shaw (1892-1977) piloted a de Havilland DH.9 for Aircraft Transport and Travel from Hendon to Le Bourget airfield in Paris.[1] The pilot did not have a passport.
Jimmy Jeffs was the world's first air traffic controller at London Airport on 22 February 1922. The Mayday callsign originated at London Airport in 1921.
The 1922 Picardie mid-air collision started the need for defined air routes.
From 1928, radio signals from Croydon, Pulham St Mary in Norfolk and Lymm in Kent triangulated the position of aircraft; a similar system was set up by Germany in 1940, known as the Battle of the Beams.
Development of radar
On the evening of 25 February 1935 at Stowe Nine Churches (Upper Stowe) in Northamptonshire, the so-called Daventry experiment took place with Robert Watson-Watt to prove that radar detection of aircraft was possible.
Ground-controlled interception (GCI) was first developed in the UK during the early part of WWII, at RAF Sopley in Hampshire, close to Bournemouth. Development of the system began in October 1940, and the first ground-controlled interception took place on 1 January 1941 with the Bristol Beaufighter at RAF Middle Wallop, and the call sign Starlight.[2]
The interception was enabled by 604 Squadron. The Beaufighter R2098 NG-H, equipped with the AI Mark IV radar had made the first interception with AI radar at 00.35 on 20 November 1940, thanks to radar operator Sgt John Phillipson, destroying a Junkers Ju 88A, B3-YL, of III./KG 54 from Évreux-Fauville Air Base; Birmingham had been heavily bombed that night by 439 German aircraft, guided by KG 100; the Ju 88 pilot Unteroffizier Franz Sondermeier baled out.[3]
The Beaufighter had four Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20mm cannon in the nose of the aircraft (the Messerschmitt Bf 109 had one), so if any enemy aircraft could be caught at close range, by its airborne radar, few German aircraft would survive. Although the rate of Luftwaffe combat losses, detected by airborne radar, markedly increased throughout the first half of 1941, with around 50 in April and around 100 in May, the Luftwaffe campaign would abruptly stop in the second week of May 1941.
From late 1941, GCI would be carried out by the AMES Type 7 radar, which provided a 360 degrees view; such radar was developed at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE).
Integration
From 14 April 1950 the ATC centre at Raigmore moved to Prestwick; Raigmore had looked after the Northern Scottish FIR, which merged with the Central Scottish FIR.[4]
On Wednesday 18 June 1958, a £5m plan for coordinating air traffic control was announced. Four new radar centres would be built; previous to this, ATC personnel received aircraft positional information over the radio from pilots, not from any radar. The UK Air Traffic Service began in September 1959; it controlled air movements above 25,000 ft.
The USA had created its Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) also in 1958.
Routes
Upper airspace routes, known as airways, were created in the early 1950s.[5][6]
In the first phase of airways
- Green One opened on 1 August 1950, from the Irish Sea - Strumble Head - Bristol - London.;[7] it was ten miles wide, 5,000 to 11,000 ft
In the second phase of airways
- Green One, was extended eastwards via North Foreland to a point 21 miles off the east coast, for London to Brussels traffic
- Amber One, Daventry - Dunsfold - Dieppe - Paris, later extended to Manchester
- Amber Two Paris - Abbeville - Brookmans Park - Daventry
- Red One, Dunsfold - North Foreland - Amsterdam
- Blue One, Bletchley - Watford - Crowborough
- Red Two, Woodley - Epsom - Kent
In the third phase of airways
- Amber One was extended northwards via Manchester and Liverpool to Prestwick and Glasgow
- Green Two, Dublin - Liverpool - north west Europe
- Red Three, Liverpool - Isle Man - Belfast
- Blue Two, Belfast - Prestwick - Glasgow[8]
Amber One had beacons at New Galloway and Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire; another beacon further south was Dean Cross, between Plumbland and Gilcrux in north-west Cumbria.[9]
Coordinating organisation
On Monday 10 December 1962, Julian Amery, the Minister for Aviation, announced the new National Air Traffic Control Services, with a central controller. Military air traffic control was controlled by the Military Air Traffic Organisation.
The London Terminal Control Centre at RAF West Drayton opened in November 1966, but only received radar coverage in 1971; previous to that, Southern Radar had been headquartered at RAF Sopley in Hampshire from 1959. NATCS, the coordinating organisation, became NATS in April 1972, when it became part of the CAA. Computer flight plans were implemented in 1975.
The Mediator system started on 1 February 1971 at West Drayton, with the full computer system beginning in the mid-1970s, planned for March 1972. Manchester Airport became the site of the northern radar centre in 1975.[10]
At London in 1990, a £22m IBM 4381 computer (IBM 370 architecture) replaced an ageing IBM 9020, which was three IBM 360/65 computers. The Princess Royal opened the new computer on 18 June 1990. London looked after the sectors of Daventry, Pole Hill - Northern England, Bristol - Strumble Head, Irish Sea, Cardiff, Dover - Lydd, Clacton, North Sea and Hurn - Seaford - Worthing.[11]
The London Area Control Centre at West Drayton moved to Swanwick, Hampshire at 2.30am on Sunday 27 Jan 2002, when 29-year-old controller Sarah Harris guided an Airtours International Flight AIH 550 from Gran Canaria Airport at Las Palmas safely into Birmingham Airport. Swanwick had been hoped to open in 1996 and to cost £350m. Swanwick oversaw flights above 20,000 feet, excluding those around Manchester under 21,000 feet and around South East England under 24,500 feet.[12]
Swanwick was intended to replace two sites at West Drayton and Manchester (at Manchester Airport), but the West Drayton centre remained open to oversee London and South East England, and was planned to close in 2007; it closed on 23 November 2007 when around 500 staff moved to Swanwick. NATS also have a technical centre in Whiteley. The RAF 78 Sqn moved to Swanwick from January 2008.[13] Swanwick receives radar information from nine radar sites.
Controllers
ATC personnel were represented by the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, which became Institution of Professionals, Managers and Specialists in 1989.
Training
In the early 1960s, both military and civil radar operators were trained at a joint school at RAF Sopley. Sopley had the joint radar school from October 1960. Sopley remained jointly-run until December 1970, when only military personnel were trained. Sopley closed as radar school around August 1972.[14]
Around sixty countries would send ATC trainees to the College of Air Traffic Control (CATC) in Dorset, including Eastern Europe. The Central Air Traffic Control School RAF trained military ATC personnel from 1963; the first women ATC trainees began later in 1963.
Aircraft movements
There were 372,000 aircraft movements in the UK in 1960, 480,000 in 1962, and 610,000 by 1969.[15]
In 2017, NATS handled around 2.5 million flights.
The UK has the third-largest aviation network after the US and China. Up to 80% of North Atlantic air traffic passes through UK airspace. The Shanwick OCA (Shanwick Oceanic Control) was formed in 1966, and controlled from Prestwick, with two communication towers in southern Ireland and Gloucestershire.
The Concorde route from Heathrow Airport to Bahrain was the world's first supersonic air transport route.
Radar manufacturers
By July 1972, Software Sciences of Hampshire had built the ATC system for the Royal Netherlands Air Force, known as PHAROS - Plan Handling and Radar Operating System. it was built with Nederlandsche Standard Electric and Stansaab Elektronik of Sweden; it worked on two Stansaab Censor 932 computers.[16]
En-route communications
Early VHF communications with aircraft began around 1950. From Monday 8 May 1950 ATC staff at RAF Prestwick could speak to pilots on 122.1 MHz.
Secondary radar and transponders
From the early 1960s, A.C. Cossor at Harlow claimed to be the only company in Europe making secondary radar.[17]
Air France and BOAC ordered the Cossor SSR.1251 transponder system for their Boeing 707 aircraft.[18]
By 1 July 1962 all aircraft flying over 25,000 ft in the UK were to have had a transponder fitted.[19] This date was moved to 1 July 1965, then to 1 July 1966, and also applied to Eurocontrol countries. Not enough aircraft had had transponders fitted, and not enough ground radar units had had enough secondary radar added.[20]
In April 1965 Russia (through Aviaexport) bought fifty SSR.1600 ATC Airborne Transponders for its Aeroflot fleet, and for manufacturers such as Tupolev, for £80,000. The Concorde team turned down this transponder.[21]
The SSR.2100 transponder was fitted to aircraft such as Concorde, the BAC 1-11, Trident, and the Viscount.
In a £2.75m contract, Plessey supplied the secondary radar system for the new West Drayton site, to operate from mid-1969, on Plessey Digitrace screens.[22]
In 1979 Cossor developed its Adsel transponder system. From 1983, this system was internationally called Mode S (S=selective) to avoid FRUIT (confusing unintended transponder replies from nearby aircraft). It was being trialled in British Midland aircraft.[23]
Cossor largely developed the monopulse system, entering service from the early 1980s.[24] Cossor was the leading company for transponders, right into the 1990s.
The selective Mode S system had been also developed in Worcestershire since the late 1960s.[25] The S band works with 10-cm radar.
Radar stations
Marconi Radar Systems, who built much of the radar, had sites at Bill Quay in Gateshead (mechanical infrastructure), in the north of Leicester (at the junction of Blackbird Road and Anstey Lane), and two large sites in Chelmsford, although much of these radars were for air defence.
The radome canopies were made by English Electric Reinforced Plastic Division at Warton, which became GEC Reinforced Plastics, moving to GEC Engineering at Clayton-le-Moors, north of Accrington, in 1992, later becoming Techbuild Composites in 1994; off the A6185 at junction 7 of the M65.
27 Doppler VOR (VHF omnidirectional range) beacons, costing £3.5m, were built in 1982 by Racial Avionics (former Decca Radar) of New Malden.
In June 2016 Raytheon received a contract to supply the Mode S monopulse secondary radar to all of NATS 23 radar sites. A Radar Reference Facility was built by Raytheon in Hampshire, to train staff.
Civilian
- Allans Hill, Aberdeenshire
- Blackpool, has a Raytheon ASR 10SS; it was fitted with 500 kW 50 cm Marconi Type 264A, when operating the Mediator system
- Claxby, also known as Lincoln, in north-east Lincolnshire, has a 250-mile range, on land owned by BT
- In August 1970, a new £150,000 Plessey DASR-1 radar for Titterstone Clee Hill, in Shropshire, was built;[26] Clee Hill had RAF radar during World War II, but this site had closed in 1956
- Cromer Radar was set up in the late 1980s, with a link to a new air traffic control centre at Stansted; it had Plessey Watchman as its primary radar for the North Sea, often for helicopters travelling to North Sea oil platforms. The RAF and RN also had Cromer as their primary radar; it worked via a travelling-wave tube.[27]
- Debden, Uttlesford, in Essex, the 23 cm radar has a 160-mile range
- Heathrow, the 23 cm radar opened in November 1985 with a 250-mile range, and a 37-metre-high concrete tower, that was built by Fairclough Civil Engineering of Adlington in Lancashire; this has been replaced by a site at Bovingdon, of Dacorum in Hertfordshire around 2012
- Lowther Hill, at 2,377 ft high near Wanlockhead, on the boundary of Lanarkshire and Dumfriesshire, it was the centre of the Scottish GEE network, which began on 19 August 1948, with slave stations at Craigowl Hill, 1493 feet high, at Tealing, north of Dundee,[28][29] and Ru Stafnish on Kintyre, 709 feet high, in Argyll and Bute, on the west coast of Scotland.[30][31] From May 1950 it had a radio en-route transmitter for contact with pilots in Scotland,[32] in the VHF range from 110 to 130 MHz[33]
- Pease Pottage, in the north-east of West Sussex, a 23 cm radar opened in December 1986, on land owned by the Met Office, with a 160-mile range
- Perwinnes Hill, near Aberdeen, for Aberdeen Airport at Dyce, and the helicopters for the North Sea; it had a Marconi 264 radar installed on 7 October 1976[34][35]
- Tiree, at Ben Hynish on the Inner Hebrides, it has a 210-nautical mile range; the £8m radar replaced a military radar in 3 cm radar Northern Ireland, and opened in July 1986; a new television transmitter was required to be built as well; the structural engineer was Sir Frederick Snow[36][37][38]
Military
By 1964, the RAF had four main military radar units.
- Hack Green, near Baddington in south Cheshire
- RAF Boulmer, on the Northumberland coast
- RAF Sopley in south-west Hampshire
- RAF Bishops Court, near Killard Point, near Downpatrick, County Down, in Northern Ireland; this opened in July 1959.[39][40]
Former
- Ash in Kent, the former RAF Ash
- Ventnor, the former RAF Ventnor
European central air traffic control
On Thursday 9 June 1960, Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and Holland decided to coordinate air traffic control as jet aircraft were much quicker, to prevent collisions.[41]
Eurocontrol was planned to have jurisdiction over 25,000 ft in the UK, from around 1965.[42]
On Friday 20 December 1968, an agreement was signed to build Europe's first international control centre at Maastricht, to open in 1972, called the Maastricht Automatic Data Processing system or MADAP, which is now called the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre; for the site, Plessey would build two computers, the controllers' consoles and a radar distribution unit. In 1981, the first computer data link between LATCC at West Drayton and Eurocontrol was established, followed by Brest Airport and Reims in 1986 and Paris in 1987; advanced boundary information (ABI) began in late 1990.[43]
Eurocontrol, established on 1 March 1964, had been initially set up for eventually becoming a Europe-wide full air traffic control system, but individual countries could not together form agreements for this to fully happen; this meant that by the late 1980s Eurocontrol oversaw only flights above 25,000 feet over the Netherlands, Belgium and part of West Germany.[44]
Much of European air traffic control is run on the CIMACT software package. The Single European Sky was created in the late 1990s, being official from 2001.
See also
- List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
- Timeline of British military aviation
References
- ↑ Forging Empires and Oceans: Pioneers, Aviators and Adventurers - Forging the International Air Routes (1919-39), page 100, Robert Bluffield, 2014
- ↑ Ground-controlled interception in 1941 at RAF Sopley
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Falkirk Herald Wednesday 19 April 1950, page 4
- ↑ On the Beam 1951 COI film
- ↑ Radar for Aircraft Control 1973 film
- ↑ Times Thursday February 15, 1951, page 3
- ↑ Coventry Evening Telegraph Tuesday 18 July 1950, page 17
- ↑ The Scotsman Tuesday 3 October 1950, page 4
- ↑ Manchester Evening News Wednesday 15 June 1988, page 42
- ↑ Times Monday 18 June 1990, page 30
- ↑ Flight International 22 January 2002
- ↑ RAF 78 Squadron
- ↑ New Milton Advertiser Saturday 22 July 1972, page 2
- ↑ Birmingham Daily Post, 26 November 1969, page 1
- ↑ Times Tuesday July 4, 1972, page 22
- ↑ Edinburgh Evening News Friday 6 January 1961, page 14
- ↑ The Scotsman Wednesday 19 April 1961, page 5
- ↑ Nottingham Evening News Wednesday 24 January 1962, page 10
- ↑ Times Thursday July 1, 1965, page 7
- ↑ Liverpool Daily Post Monday 26 April 1965, page 2
- ↑ Times Thursday October 12, 1967, page 19
- ↑ The Scotsman Tuesday 10 April 1979, page 7
- ↑ Times Friday, September 9, 1983
- ↑ Times Friday September 26, 1980, page 27
- ↑ American Radio History
- ↑ Times Wednesday 27 August 1986, page 19
- ↑ The Scotsman Thursday 17 March 1949, page 3
- ↑ Midlothian Advertiser Friday 1 April 1949, page 4
- ↑ Dundee Evening Telegraph Tuesday 10 August 1948, page 5
- ↑ Dundee Courier Thursday 17 March 1949, page 2
- ↑ The Scotsman Monday 8 May 1950, page 3
- ↑ Falkirk Herald Wednesday 23 March 1949, page 4
- ↑ Aberdeen Press and Journal Friday 21 September 1990, page 3
- ↑ Aberdeen Press and Journal Friday 1 October 1976, page 14
- ↑ Times Friday October 7, 1988, page 35
- ↑ The Scotsman Thursday 10 May 1984, page 2
- ↑ The Scotsman Thursday 30 January 1986, page 6
- ↑ Belfast Telegraph Tuesday 21 March 1961 page 21
- ↑ The Scotsman Wednesday 22 March 1961, page 7
- ↑ Birmingham Daily Post Friday 10 June 1960, page 26
- ↑ Times Saturday, April 22, 1961, page 9
- ↑ Times Monday 7 August 1989, page 13
- ↑ Times Wednesday 24 February 1988, page 12
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