Английская Википедия:History of slavery in the United States by state

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Файл:US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg

Evolution of the enslaved population of the United States as a percentage of the population of each state, 1790–1860

Following the creation of the United States in 1776 and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, the legal status of slavery was generally a matter for individual U.S. state legislatures and judiciaries (outside of several historically significant exceptions including the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the 1808 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, the 1820 Missouri Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision of 1857, et al.) As such, slavery flourished in some states (mostly southern), and withered on the vine in others (mostly northern). On the whole, the former Thirteen Colonies abolished slavery relatively slowly, if at all, with several Northern states using gradual emancipation systems in which freedom would be granted after so many years of life or service. (Vermont and New York had clear and absolute freedom dates; Massachusetts and New Hampshire were de facto free states with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.)

For many years after the establishment of the republic, new states were admitted in pairs, so-called free state–slave state twins, so that some states entered the Union with guaranteed "free soil" while their twin permitted the continuation and expansion of America's peculiar institution. Fifteen states (in order of admission, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas) never sought to end slavery, and thus bondage and the slave trade continued in those places, and there was even a movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade. With the admission of California, Oregon, and Iowa as free states, and the prospective admission of Kansas Territory (likely as a free state), with the commensurate increasing political power of free-state legislators in the United States Congress, the political status quo began to disintegrate. This shift convinced the Slave Power's most influential and vocal leaders that secession was the only way to retain long-term control of both their wealth held in slaves and their political power. (Under the Three-Fifths Compromise brokered at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, enslaved people were considered additional population for purposes of apportionment. The prospective end of slavery would have thus deprived slave owners of the disproportionate representation of their interests in the national legislature, relative not just the people they enslaved but to free white male voters in other states.) Ultimately, a massive and devastating four-year-long war resolved the interstate conflict over slavery, and when rebel state governments were finally overwhelmed by force of arms, various civilian and military representatives of the U.S. government emancipated those people who remained legally enslaved. Slavery in the United States was legally abolished nationwide within the 36 newly reunited states under the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, effective December 18, 1865.

The federal district, which is legally part of no state and under the sole jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress, permitted slavery until the American Civil War. For the history of the abolition of the slave trade in the district and the federal government's one and only compensated emancipation program, see slavery in the District of Columbia.

States admitted prior to 1865

State	Civil War allegiance	Date ratified 13th Amendment	Prior state-wide abolition	Notes
Alabama Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Arkansas Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
California Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Connecticut Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Connecticut passed partial abolition laws and time-delayed manumission laws beginning in 1784.
Delaware Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting		Delaware was a slave state but did not secede to the Confederacy.
Florida Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Georgia Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Illinois Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Chattel slavery was prohibited in Illinois at statehood under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance; indentured servitude was not prohibited until the Second Illinois Constitution of 1848.
Indiana Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Iowa Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Kansas Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Kentucky Шаблон:Main	Dual government	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Louisiana Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting		Louisiana ratified the Thirteenth Amendment on either Feb. 15 or 16.
Maryland Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Massachusetts Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting		Massachusetts was for intents and purposes a free state with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.
Maine	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)	The pre-statehood District of Maine was legally a part of Massachusetts; Maine was admitted as Missouri's free-state "twin" under the Missouri Compromise.
Michigan Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Minnesota Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Missouri Шаблон:Main	Dual government	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Mississippi Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Nevada	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)Шаблон:Efn	Nevada was admitted to the Union during the Civil War, thus its state nickname is Battle-Born.
New Hampshire Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting		The legal status of slavery in New Hampshire has been described as "ambiguous," and abolition legislation was minimal or non-existent. New Hampshire never passed a state law abolishing slavery. That said, New Hampshire was a free state with no slavery to speak of from the American Revolution forward.
New Jersey Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting	New Jersey had some gradual manumission laws prior to 1846, resulting in a "continuum" of servitude statuses that persisted until the Civil War.
New York Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting
North Carolina Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Ohio Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)
Oregon Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)Шаблон:Efn
Pennsylvania Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation system meant that enslavement and indentured servitude continued until 1847.
Rhode Island Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws after the American Revolution.
South Carolina Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
Tennessee Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (Moses speech declaration by military governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson), and state constitutional amendment certified February 27, 1865
Texas Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (Juneteenth declaration by U.S. Army)
Vermont Шаблон:Main	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)	Constitution of the Vermont Republic abolished slavery effective July 2, 1777.
Virginia Шаблон:Main	CSA	Шаблон:Date table sorting
West Virginia Шаблон:Main	Dual government	Шаблон:Date table sorting		The Appalachian counties of Virginia separated from the rest of the state during the Civil War. Gradual emancipation was written in West Virginia state constitution of 1863.
Wisconsin	USA	Шаблон:Date table sorting	Шаблон:Date table sorting (statehood)

Slavery in states admitted after 1865

• History of slavery in Alaska
• History of slavery in Colorado
• History of slavery in Montana
• History of slavery in Nebraska
• History of slavery in New Mexico
• History of slavery in Oklahoma
• History of slavery in South Dakota
• History of slavery in Utah

See also

• Шаблон:Slink
• Border states (American Civil War)
• Шаблон:Slink
• Шаблон:Slink
• End of slavery in the United States
• History of unfree labor in the United States

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book (CT, MO, NC, NJ, NY, RI)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book