Английская Википедия:Hittite cuneiform

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Файл:Hittite Cuneiform Tablet- Legal Deposition(?).jpg
Hittite cuneiform on a tablet

Шаблон:SpecialChars Шаблон:Portal Hittite cuneiform is the implementation of cuneiform script used in writing the Hittite language. The surviving corpus of Hittite texts is preserved in cuneiform on clay tablets dating to the 2nd millennium BC (roughly spanning the 17th to 12th centuries BC).

Hittite orthography was directly adapted from Old Babylonian cuneiform. As Melchert and Hoffner point out on page 10 of their Grammar of the Hittite Language: "It is therefore generally assumed that Ḫattušili I (ca. 1650–1600), during his military campaigns in North Syria, captured scribes who were using a form of the late Old Babylonian syllabary, and these captives formed the nucleus of the first scribal academy at Ḫattuša."[1] What is presented below is Old Akkadian cuneiform, so most of the characters shown here are not, in fact, those used in Hittite texts. For examples of actual Hittite cuneiform, see The Hittite Grammar Homepage or other similarly reputable sources.[2] The Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon ("Hittite Sign List" commonly referred to as HZL) of Rüster and Neu lists 375 cuneiform signs used in Hittite documents (11 of them only appearing in Hurrian and Hattic glosses), compared to some 600 signs in use in Old Assyrian. About half of the signs have syllabic values, the remaining are used as ideograms or logograms to represent the entire word—much as the characters "$", "%" and "&" are used in contemporary English.

Cuneiform signs can be employed in three functions: syllabograms, Akkadograms or Sumerograms. Syllabograms are characters that represent a syllable. Akkadograms and Sumerograms are ideograms originally from the earlier Akkadian or Sumerian orthography respectively, but not intended to be pronounced as in the original language; Sumerograms are mostly ideograms and determiners. Conventionally,

  • Syllabograms are transcribed in italic lowercase
  • Akkadograms in italic uppercase
  • Sumerograms in regular uppercase.

Thus, the sign GI Шаблон:Cuneiform can be used (and transcribed) in three ways, as the Hittite syllable gi (also ge); in the Akkadian spelling QÈ-RU-UB of the preposition "near" as QÈ, and as the Sumerian ideogram GI for "tube" also in superscript, GI, when used as a determiner.

Syllabary

The syllabary consists of single vowels, vowels preceded by a consonant (conventionally represented by the letters CV), vowels followed by a consonant (VC), or consonants in both locations (CVC). This system distinguishes the following consonants (notably dropping the Akkadian s series),

b, p, d, t, g, k, ḫ, r, l, m, n, š, z,

combined with the vowels a, e, i, u. Additional ya (=I.A Шаблон:Cuneiform), wa (=PI Шаблон:Cuneiform) and wi (=wi5=GEŠTIN Шаблон:Cuneiform "wine") signs are introduced. The contrast of the Assyrian voiced/unvoiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) is not used to express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in Hittite; they are used somewhat interchangeably in some words, while other words are spelled consistently. The contrast in these cases is not entirely clear, and several interpretations of the underlying phonology have been proposed.

Similarly, the purpose of inserting an additional vowel between syllabograms (often referred to as "plene writing" of vowels) is not clear. Examples of this practice include the -a- in iš-ḫa-a-aš "master" or in la-a-man "name", ú-i-da-a-ar "waters". In some cases, it may indicate an inherited long vowel (lāman, cognate to Latin nōmen; widār, cognate to Greek Шаблон:Lang hudōr), but it may also have other functions connected with 'word accentuation'.

Without the use of a specialized Hittite font, the Unicode cuneiform in the tables below is likely to be displayed using a font which is inaccurate for Hittite. For an accurate tables of CV symbols in actual Hittite cuneiform, see the fourth page at this link from Georg August University of Göttingen:[3]

V

a Шаблон:Cuneiform
e Шаблон:Cuneiform
i Шаблон:Cuneiform
u Шаблон:Cuneiform, ú Шаблон:Cuneiform

CV

b- p- d- t- g- k- ḫ- l- m- n- r- š- w- y- z-
-a ba Шаблон:Cuneiform pa Шаблон:Cuneiform da Шаблон:Cuneiform ta Шаблон:Cuneiform ga Шаблон:Cuneiform ka Шаблон:Cuneiform ḫa Шаблон:Cuneiform la Шаблон:Cuneiform ma Шаблон:Cuneiform na Шаблон:Cuneiform ra Шаблон:Cuneiform ša Шаблон:Cuneiform wa Шаблон:Cuneiform ya Шаблон:Cuneiform za Шаблон:Cuneiform
-e be Шаблон:Cuneiform pé,
pí Шаблон:Cuneiform		 de,
di Шаблон:Cuneiform		 te Шаблон:Cuneiform ge,
gi Шаблон:Cuneiform		 ke,
ki Шаблон:Cuneiform		 ḫe Шаблон:Cuneiform,
ḫé Шаблон:Cuneiform		 le,
li Шаблон:Cuneiform		 me Шаблон:Cuneiform,
mé Шаблон:Cuneiform		 ne Шаблон:Cuneiform,
né Шаблон:Cuneiform		 re,
ri Шаблон:Cuneiform		 še Шаблон:Cuneiform ze Шаблон:Cuneiform,
zé Шаблон:Cuneiform
-i bi Шаблон:Cuneiform ti Шаблон:Cuneiform ḫi Шаблон:Cuneiform mi Шаблон:Cuneiform ni Шаблон:Cuneiform ši Шаблон:Cuneiform wi5 Шаблон:Cuneiform zi Шаблон:Cuneiform
-u bu,
pu Шаблон:Cuneiform		 du Шаблон:Cuneiform tu Шаблон:Cuneiform gu Шаблон:Cuneiform ku Шаблон:Cuneiform ḫu Шаблон:Cuneiform lu Шаблон:Cuneiform mu Шаблон:Cuneiform nu Шаблон:Cuneiform ru Шаблон:Cuneiform šu Шаблон:Cuneiform,
šú Шаблон:Cuneiform		 zu Шаблон:Cuneiform

VC

-b -p -d -t -g -k -ḫ -l -m -n -r -š -z
a- ab, ap Шаблон:Cuneiform ad, at Шаблон:Cuneiform ag, ak Шаблон:Cuneiform aḫ, eḫ, iḫ, uḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform al Шаблон:Cuneiform am Шаблон:Cuneiform an Шаблон:Cuneiform ar Шаблон:Cuneiform aš Шаблон:Cuneiform az Шаблон:Cuneiform
e- eb, ep, ib, ip Шаблон:Cuneiform ed, et, id, it Шаблон:Cuneiform eg, ek, ig, ik Шаблон:Cuneiform el Шаблон:Cuneiform em, im Шаблон:Cuneiform en Шаблон:Cuneiform er, ir Шаблон:Cuneiform eš Шаблон:Cuneiform, Шаблон:Cuneiform ez, iz Шаблон:Cuneiform
i- il Шаблон:Cuneiform in Шаблон:Cuneiform iš Шаблон:Cuneiform
u- ub, up Шаблон:Cuneiform ud, ut Шаблон:Cuneiform ug, uk Шаблон:Cuneiform ul Шаблон:Cuneiform Файл:Cuneiform UL.png um Шаблон:Cuneiform un Шаблон:Cuneiform ur Шаблон:Cuneiform, úr Шаблон:Cuneiform uš Шаблон:Cuneiform uz Шаблон:Cuneiform

CVC

Determiners

Determiners are Sumerograms that are not pronounced but indicate the class or nature of a noun for clarity, e.g. in URUḪa-at-tu-ša (Шаблон:Cuneiform); the URU is a determiner marking the name of a city, and the pronunciation is simply /hattusa/. Sumerograms proper on the other hand are ideograms intended to be pronounced in Hittite.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • E. Forrer, Die Keilschrift von Boghazköi, Leipzig (1922)
  • J. Friedrich, Hethitisches Keilschrift-Lesebuch, Heidelberg (1960)
  • Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989)
  • Gillian R. Hart, Some Observations on Plene-Writing in Hittite, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1980)
  • Gordin, Shai. Hittite Scribal Circles: Scholarly Tradition and Writing Habits, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (2015)
  • Melchert, C. and H. Hoffner A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Eisenbrauns (2008)

External links

Шаблон:List of writing systems

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  1. ↑ Melchert, C. and H. Hoffner (2008)A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Eisenbrauns p.10
  2. ↑ Hittite Grammar Homepage https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/hittite/index_en.php?page=textes
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Kryszeń, Adam. "The Postdeterminativeki in the Hittite Cuneiform Corpus" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 110, no. 2, 2020, pp. 212–217
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