Английская Википедия:Hoa Hakananai'a

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Hoa Hakananai'a is a moai, a statue from Easter Island. It was taken from Orongo, Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in 1868 by the crew of a British ship and is now in the British Museum in London.

It has been described as a "masterpiece" and among the finest examples of Easter Island sculpture. Though relatively small, it is considered to be typical of the island's statue form,Шаблон:Sfn but distinguished by carvings added to the back, associated with the island's birdman cult.Шаблон:Sfn

Etymology

The statue was identified as Hoa Hakananai'a by islanders at the time it was removed; the British crew first recorded the name in the form 'Hoa-haka-nana-ia' or 'Hoa-haka-nama-ia'.Шаблон:Sfn It has been variously translated from the Rapa Nui language to mean 'breaking wave', 'surfriding',Шаблон:Sfn 'surfing fellow',Шаблон:Sfn 'master wave-breaker', 'lost or stolen friend', 'stolen friend', 'hidden friend'Шаблон:Sfn or 'doing robberies/mockeries friend'.Шаблон:Sfn

Provenance

In 1868, Hoa Hakananai'a was standing erect, part buried inside a freestone ceremonial "house" in the Orongo village at the south-western tip of the island. It faced towards an extinct volcanic crater known as Rano Kau, with its back turned to the sea.Шаблон:Sfn It may have been made for this location, or first erected elsewhere before being moved to where it was found.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The statue is thought to date from Шаблон:Nowrap1200Шаблон:NbsCE. No Easter Island statues have been scientifically dated, but statue making in general is said to have begun by at least 1000Шаблон:NbsCE,Шаблон:Sfn and occurred mostly between 1300 and 1500Шаблон:NbsCE. Manufacture is said to have ended by 1600Шаблон:NbsCE, when islanders began to topple them. The Y on the chin and the clavicles are rare on Easter Island statues, and said to be late innovations.Шаблон:Sfn

Physical description

Файл:Hoa Hakananai'a.jpg

The front of Hoa Hakananai'a's head

Файл:Front hand damage.jpg

Damage on Hoa Hakananai'a's hands at the front

Typical of Easter Island moai, Hoa Hakananai'a features a heavy brow, blocky face with prominent nose and jutting chin, nipples, thin, lightly angled arms down the sides and hands reaching towards the stomach, which is near the base. It has a raised Y-shape in the centre of the chin, eyes hollowed out in a way characteristic of statues erected elsewhere on the island on ceremonial ahu platforms, and long, rectangular stylised ears. A line around the base of the neck is interpreted as representing the clavicles;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn there is a semi-circular hollow for the suprasternal notch.

Most statues on Easter Island are of a reddish tuff,Шаблон:Sfn but Hoa Hakananai'a is made from a block of dark grey-brown flow lava.Шаблон:Sfn Though commonly described as basalt, quarried near to where the statue was found,Шаблон:Sfn there is no record of petrological analysis to confirm this.Шаблон:Sfn It stands Шаблон:Convert high, is Шаблон:Convert across, and weighs 4.2 tonnes.

The base of the statue, now concealed in a modern plinth, may originally have been flat, and subsequently narrowed, or was rough and tapering from the start.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Lower Back of Hoa Hakananai'a.jpg

Lower back of Hoa Hakananai'a showing the maro (belt or girdle) and buttocks

In its original form, the back is thought to have been plain, apart from a maro, a belt or girdle, which consists of three raised lines and a circle above, and an M on a vertical line below. Near the base are slight indications of buttocks.Шаблон:Sfn

The top of the head is smooth and flat,Шаблон:Sfn and could originally have supported a pukao, a cylindrical stone "hat". A flat round stone found near the site of the statue may have been such a hat,Шаблон:Sfn or, if the base was flat, a bed plate on which the statue once stood. It has been suggested that the statue was originally erected so that the top of the head would have been horizontal.Шаблон:Sfn

Carvings

The back of the statue, between the maro and the top of the head, is covered with relief carvings added at an unknown time after the statue was made.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They are similar in style to petroglyphs on the native rock around the Orongo village, where they are more common than anywhere else on the island.

Either side and above the ring on the maro are two facing birdmen (tangata manu), stylised human figures with beaked heads said to represent frigatebirds. Above these, in the centre of the statue's head, is a smaller bird said to be a sooty tern (manutara). Either side of this is a ceremonial dance paddle (Шаблон:Wikt-lang), a symbol of male power and prestige. Along the edge of the left ear is a third paddle, because of its smaller size possibly a rapa rather than an ao, and on the right ear a row of four vulva symbols (Шаблон:Wikt-lang). Y-shaped lines drop down from the top of the head.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

When first seen by Europeans, the carvings were painted red against a white background. The paint was totally or mostly washed off when the statue was rafted out to HMS Topaze.Шаблон:Sfn

Precise reading of these designs varies. The birdmen are popularly interpreted as Makemake, a fertility god and chief god of the birdman cult.Шаблон:Sfn This cult, said to have replaced the older statue cult, was recorded by early European visitors.

It involved an annual competition to retrieve the first egg laid by migrating sooty terns. The contest was held at Orongo, and the winning man became Makemake's representative for the following year.Шаблон:Sfn The last ceremony is thought to have been held in 1866 or 1867.

New studies

Файл:Petroglyphs on the back of the Hoa Hakananai'a Statue.jpg

Petroglyphs on the back of Hoa Hakananai'a

After the most intensive survey of the statue to date, a more detailed interpretation of the carvings has been proposed.Шаблон:Sfn The new survey, which followed an as yet unpublished laser scan survey, comprised a combination of Photogrammetry and Reflectance Transformation Imaging, used to create high-resolution digital images in "two and a half" and three dimensions.Шаблон:Sfn

This allowed several details to be clarified. The Y-shaped lines at the top of the head are the remnants of two large komari, partly removed by the other carvings, which were added at a later date. The small bird has a closed beak, not open as had often been described, and the foot of the left birdman has five toes, not six. There is a small, shallow carving below the left ear, which could be a komari or the head of an ao. The beak of the right birdman comes to a short, rounded end, not a long pointed tip; the latter reading of the digital models was supported by a new interpretation of a photo of the statue taken in 1868.Шаблон:Sfn

The short beak has been contested, and in turn the original study has been defended. In other studies, it has been proposed that the existing carvings on the back all but conceal four earlier birdman figures, and that an engraved birdman fills the area of the front between the nipples and the hands.Шаблон:Sfn The latter was rejected, and defended. None of this can be seen in the new digital models.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Close up of the bird beaks.jpg

Close up of the carvings identifying the male (left) and female (right) birdman, with their fledgling above, as proposed in a disputed interpretation. Also seen in this image are the two large earlier komari that extend onto the top of the statue's head.

The archaeologists behind the new digital study also proposed a new way to read the main composition. It was suggested that the elements worked together to portray the birdman ceremony, with the left birdman figure male, the right female (two of the four "egg gods"), and the bird above them their new-hatched fledgling. "Meanwhile the entire statue has become Makemake, its face painted white… in the manner of the human birdman".Шаблон:Sfn One group of critics described this interpretation as "interesting, thought provoking and even somewhat poetic", but, while "greatly impressed by the work", rejected the proposals.

The archaeologists behind the new digital study have released the captured photogrammetry model online, along with the Reflectance Transformation Imaging datasets. The latter represent the front, lower back, middle back, upper back and the back of the head. These viewers allow for the dissemination of the results to stimulate discussion.

Recent history

Файл:Sketches by Lt. Colin Dundas, when moai Hoa Hakananai'a was on board HMS Topaze in 1868.jpg

Sketches of Hoa Hakananai'a by Lt. Colin Dundas, while it was on board HMS Topaze in 1868

Hoa Hakananai'a was found in November 1868 by officers and crew from the British Royal Navy ship Шаблон:HMS.Шаблон:Sfn When first seen, it was buried up to about half its height or even more.Шаблон:Sfn It was dug out, dragged down from Rano Kau on a sledge, and rafted out to the ship.Шаблон:Sfn

It was photographed while Topaze was docked in Valparaíso, Chile, from backШаблон:Sfn and front. At that time Commodore Richard Ashmore Powell, captain of the Topaze, wrote to the British Admiralty offering the statue, along with a second, smaller moai known as Hava.Шаблон:Sfn

HMS Topaze arrived in Plymouth, England, on 16 August 1869. The Admiralty offered the statue to Queen Victoria, who proposed that it should be given to the British Museum.Шаблон:Sfn It was mounted in a plinth and exhibited outside the museum's front entrance, beneath the portico. During the Second World War, it was taken inside, where it mostly remained until 1966. In that year it was moved to the museum's then Department of Ethnography, which had separate premises in Burlington Gardens. It returned to the British Museum's main site in 2000, when it was exhibited on a new, higher plinth in the Great Court, before moving to its present location in the Wellcome Trust Gallery (Room 24: Living and Dying).Шаблон:Sfn

Hoa Hakananai'a was selected by British Museum director Neil MacGregor for his A History of the World in 100 Objects.

In 2010 it was the target of a protest against BP's handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

Repatriation

The Rapa Nui people consider the moai to have been taken without permission. In November 2018 Laura Alarcón Rapu, the Governor of Easter Island, asked the British Museum to return the statue. The museum agreed to discuss a loan of the statue with representatives of the people. Keeper of the Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas at the British Museum, Lissant Bolton, visited Easter Island in June 2019. Leonardo Pakarati has filmed a documentary Te Kuhane o te tupuna or “The spirit of the ancestors”, in which Hoa Hakananai'a is a symbol stolen from Rapa Nui, whose spirit or mana must be recovered to restore welfare to the island.

In popular culture

• Hoa Hakananai'a has inspired artists, among them Henri Gaudier-Brzeska and Henry Moore, who was filmed talking about the statue in 1958. Moore commented on its "tremendous presence", and that its makers "knew instinctively that a sculpture designed for the open air had to be big". Ron Mueck exhibited his Mask II in front of Hoa Hakananai'a in 2008/09.
• Robert Frost wrote a poem about it called "The Bad Island – Easter".
• The English artist Ronald Lampitt used it as a model for an illustration of Easter Island for Look and Learn magazine.
• A set of six postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail in 2003 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the British Museum featured Hoa Hakananai'a alongside other Museum objects such as the Sutton Hoo helmet and a mask of Xiuhtecuhtli.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

• Rapa Nui mythology
• Relocation of moai objects
• Tangata manu
• 2010 Easter Island moai referendum

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Closed access
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Open access
• Pitts, M., Miles, J., Pagi, H. and Earl, G. (2013). "Taking flight: the story of Hoa Hakananai’a". British Archaeology 130: 24–31.
• Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Closed access
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• The British Museum's Collection page on Hoa Hakananai'a