Английская Википедия:Hoi Tong Monastery

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Файл:Haichuangsi Daxiongbaodian.jpg

The temple's Main Hall

Файл:Haichuang Si 2.jpg

The Hall of the Heavenly Kings

The Hoi Tong Monastery,Шаблон:Sfnp also known by many other names, is a Buddhist temple and monastery on Henan Island in Guangzhou, China. It shares its grounds with the city's Шаблон:Nowrap.

Names

The official English form of the name is "Hoi Tong Monastery",Шаблон:Sfnp a transcription of the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese translation of the Indian Buddhist monk Sāgaradhvaja (Шаблон:Lang-sa, Шаблон:AbbrШаблон:Nbsp"Ocean Banner" or "Flagpole"), who appears in the Flower Garland Sutra as a devout student of the Heart Sutra.Шаблон:Sfnp Variants include Шаблон:Nowrap; the translations Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfnp or Monastery,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Nowrap, and Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp or Шаблон:Nowrap; the Mandarin Hae Chwang, Haichuang, and Шаблон:Nowrap;Шаблон:Sfnp and the misreadings "Hoy Hong Temple" and "Haizhuang Temple".

From its location, it has also been known as the Temple of HonanШаблон:Sfnp or Honam.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

History

Файл:金堡.jpg

Portrait of the Jin Bao

The monastery was first established as the Qianqiu Temple under the Southern Han,Шаблон:Sfnp a 10th-century Tang successor state whose capital was at Xingwang (now Guangzhou). The walled city lay north of the Pearl River, while Henan Island and the monastery lay to its south. By the end of the Ming, the temple operated within the private garden of Guo Longyue (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfnp He was responsible for renaming it after the Buddhist monk Sāgaradhvaja.Шаблон:Sfnp

The monastery, surrounded by majestic banyan trees,Шаблон:Sfnp flourished under the early Qing. Jin Bao (Шаблон:Lang), a former minister of the Yongli Emperor, retired here. During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, it was expanded continuously by the monks Azi (Шаблон:Lang), Chee Yut,Шаблон:Sfnp and others,Шаблон:Sfnp sometimes prompting English sources to place its establishment in 1662.Шаблон:Sfnp Around a hundred monks lived at the monastery; the treatment of the wealthy and poor members was very unequal.Шаблон:Sfnp It was the principal temple for Henan (then known as "Ho-nan")Шаблон:Sfnp and sometimes even acclaimed the most famous of southern China's Buddhist temples.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

The temple complex was particularly important to foreign visitors as it was one of the few locations in Guangzhou ("Canton") open to them before the First Opium War. The main hall's large buddhas were removed to other templesШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp so that Lord Amherst and his retinue could rest there for three weeks 1–20 January 1817Шаблон:Sfnp before returning home via Macao following their failed embassy to Beijing ("Pekin"). The French artist Auguste Borget visited the temple repeatedly during his world tour, stating "The noise outside the temple was so great and the silence inside the temple was so solemn, that I believed myself transported to another world". The temple faced the row of factories on Guangzhou's waterfront. Regulations issued in 1831 restricted foreign access to its grounds to the 8th, 18th, and 28th days of the lunar months.Шаблон:Sfnp Prior to the advent of photography, paintings of the grounds at Hoi Tong made up one of the fifteen classes of Qing export paintings.Шаблон:Refn

At the time, the river entrance was the most used, leading to a courtyard guarded by a pair of wooden statues. Beyond, there were flagged walks amid banyan trees, leading to colonnades filled with numerous idols "of every sect and profession". At the far end were three halls, the center of which held three Шаблон:Convert idols of the Buddhas past, present, and yet-to-come—"Kwo-keu-fuh", "Heen-tsa-fuh", and "We-lae-fuh"—in a seated position. On each side were 18 early disciples of the Buddha, considered at the time to have been the precursors to the Qing emperors.Шаблон:Sfnp Illustrations were made of the trial and punishment of sinners in the afterlife, but none of the Buddhist paradises.Шаблон:Sfnp The side walls were covered with silk embroidered in gold and silver thread with passages of scripture, and the whole lit with several hundred lanterns suspended from the roof's crossbeams.Шаблон:Sfnp The garden included rare plants and penjing, miniature trees grown into the shape of boats and birdcages.Шаблон:Sfnp On the grounds, pigs and other animalsШаблон:Sfnp were kept as an "illustration of the Buddhist tenet not to destroy but to care for animal life".Шаблон:Sfnp The pigs became famous, some being so enormously fat that they were nearly unable to walk.Шаблон:Sfnp Some of the sties were located with the temples and, upon their deaths, they were accorded funereal rites and laid within a special mausoleum on the grounds.Шаблон:Sfnp Its library was well stocked. The monastery ran its own printing press,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp as well as a crematorium and mausoleum for the monks.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp This dagoba was considered "magnificent", if not on the level of Beijing's Baita. The abbot's cell included a separate reception room and a small chapel with a shrine to Buddha.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The entire grounds spread over about Шаблон:Convert.

The monastery was also a site for instruction in kung fu. The master Liang Kun (Leung Kwan) died while training in the 36-Point Copper Ring Pole technique under the monk Yuanguang in 1887. In the 1920s, it housed Guangzhou's Chin Woo Athletic Association.

The great trees of the monastery were ruined during the Taiping Rebellion.Шаблон:Sfnp The monastery faded from importance in foreign guidebooks after the Opium Wars opened Guangzhou proper to visitors,Шаблон:Sfnp although the principal factories were removed to Henan during the years 1856–1859 after a devastating fire along the north bank and the number of monks grew as high as 175. During the reign of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the area around the monastery became more residential and it began to fade.Шаблон:Sfnp As part of the educational reforms surrounding the end of the imperial examination system, the monastery was obliged to make room for the Nanwu Public School (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfnp It was severely damaged during the early years of the Republic,Шаблон:Sfnp although it was protected for a time by local elites.Шаблон:Sfnp The entire compound aside from two halls was demolished and in 1928 its land was confiscated and opened as Шаблон:Nowrap.Шаблон:Sfnp Its scriptures were removed to a public library.Шаблон:Sfnp An official embassy of the city's Buddhists to the capital at Nanjing the next year was a failure, but the park was permitted to keep some of its idols as statues "for public appreciation". Praying and burning incense in the park were outlawed, but locals continued to tie paper offerings to the Buddhas and several women came at night to pray. Their murmuring was sometimes mistaken by other visitors as the sounds of ghosts haunting the grounds.Шаблон:Sfnp In September 1933, the area was renamed "Haichuang Park". The surviving buildings of the complex were severely damaged again during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and early '70s.Шаблон:Sfnp

Following China's opening up, the Guangzhou Municipal People's Government permitted the monastery to resume official operation in 1993, identifying it as a heritage conservation unit. The grounds of the monastery were repaired and renovated but continue to only occupy the western half of the former site, the rest making up Guangzhou's Haichuang Park. This was restored to the temple by the Haizhu District People's Government on 1 July 2006Шаблон:Sfnp but remains open to the public.

Abbots

The present abbot is Master Xincheng (Шаблон:Lang).

Gallery

• The "Sea-screen Temple at Honam" in 1838, by Auguste Borget, including some of the temple's sacred pigs.[9]

  The "Sea-screen Temple at Honam" in 1838, by Auguste Borget, including some of the temple's sacred pigs.

• The landing place and river entrance to the "Temple of Honan" in the 1840s.Шаблон:Sfnp

  The landing place and river entrance to the "Temple of Honan" in the 1840s.Шаблон:Sfnp

• The "Great Temple at Honan" in the 1840s.Шаблон:Sfnp

  The "Great Temple at Honan" in the 1840s.Шаблон:Sfnp

• The entrance to the inner courtyards of "Honam Temple" in 1874Шаблон:Sfnp

  The entrance to the inner courtyards of "Honam Temple" in 1874Шаблон:Sfnp

• The land entrance to the "Chinese monastery at Ho Nam" in 1903.[19]

  The land entrance to the "Chinese monastery at Ho Nam" in 1903.

• Monks at the monastery in 1903.[19]

  Monks at the monastery in 1903.

See also

• Chinese Buddhism
• List of Buddhist temples
• Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou)
• Hualin Temple (Guangzhou)
• Temple of the Six Banyan Trees

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Citation. Шаблон:In lang & Шаблон:In lang
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External links

• "广州海幢寺" at Baike.com Шаблон:In lang