Английская Википедия:Hoklo people
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Contains special characters
The Hoklo people (Шаблон:Zh) are a Han Chinese subgroup[1] who speak Hokkien,[2] a Southern Min language,Шаблон:Sfn or trace their ancestry to Southeastern Fujian, ChinaШаблон:Sfn and known by various endonyms or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people (Шаблон:Zh) or more commonly known in Southeast Asian countries as Hokkien people (Шаблон:Zh).Шаблон:Efn The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar, the United States, Hong Kong, and Macau. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes the Taiwanese Hokkien dialect, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language, Hainanese, Luichew, Hailokhong.
Etymology
In Southern Fujian, the Hokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (Шаблон:Zh) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (Шаблон:Zh). In Mandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people (Шаблон:Zh).
In Taiwan, the term "Hoklo" is usually used for the people. The term HoloШаблон:Sfnp (Шаблон:Zh)[3] is also used to refer to Taiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it. The term is likely an exonym originating from Hakka or Cantonese that some Hokkien and Teochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and mainland China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in Southeast Asia. There are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters, although their etymological correctness is often disputed:
- Fujian Шаблон:Endash an exonym emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian. It is not a phonologically accurate transliteration in terms of Hokkien itself, although it may correspond to and originate from an actual usage in Hakka.
- Шаблон:Zh Шаблон:Endash an exonym emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River.[4] Although used in Mandarin, this term does not exist in the Hokkien language itself. The transliteration is a phonologically inaccurate folk etymology, though the Mandarin pronunciation Héluò has gained currency through the propagation of the inaccurate transliteration.
- Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Endash a variant exonym emphasizing the modern pronunciation of the characters (without regard to the meaning of the Chinese characters); more phonologically accurate in Hokkien.
In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as Hoglo (Шаблон:Zhi) and 學佬 (Шаблон:Zhi).
In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos, where most are usually of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang (Шаблон:Zhi) or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (Шаблон:Zhi).
In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien Malaysians and Singaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (Tang People)(Шаблон:Zh), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (Шаблон:Zh).
In Indonesia, Hokkien Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (Шаблон:Zhi), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (Шаблон:Zhi).
Culture
Architecture
Шаблон:Main Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural styles. Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese due to traditional beliefs. However, Hoklo shrines and temples do have special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated, finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain.
The main halls of Hoklo temples are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. One such example of this is the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian.
Language
Шаблон:Main The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Standard Yue. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the Шаблон:IPA initial as Шаблон:IPA, which is now Шаблон:IPA (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.[5] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The Amoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.
Distribution
Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Teochew people or Hailufeng people.
Diaspora
Taiwan
About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Better source needed People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
Hong Kong
Southeast Asia
The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.
The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among Chinese Indonesians.
In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the Sinitic people in the country known as Chinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.
United States
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After the 1960s, many Taiwanese people (大員民族/大員族） from Taiwan) began immigrating to the United States and Canada.
Notable Hoklo people
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Шаблон:Fujian Шаблон:Han subgroups Шаблон:Hong Kongers
