Английская Википедия:Home
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Шаблон:Living spaces A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or more human occupants, and sometimes various companion animals. It is a fully- or semi-sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it.Шаблон:Vague Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instance rooms, where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing.
Physical forms of homes can be static such as a house or an apartment, mobile such as a houseboat, trailer or yurt or digital such as virtual space.[1] The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as town, village, city, country or planet.
The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics.[2] The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works.Шаблон:Citation needed The concept and experience encompasses the likes of exile, yearning, belonging, homesickness and homelessness.[3]
History
Prehistoric era
The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such as caves. The earliest human fossils found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai B, Drimolen, Malapa, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.Шаблон:Citation needed
The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the Taung Child in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being preyed upon by an eagle. However, this is now debated.[4] Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of Wonderwerk Cave; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesized for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called tufa. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and the Denisovans in southern Siberia.
In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.[5] The oldest known site is PP13B at Pinnacle Point. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at Giants Castle. Caves such as the yaodong in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as rock-cut tombs), or as religious sites (such as Buddhist caves). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas[6] and the sacred caves of Crete. As technology progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such as huts and longhouses have been used for living since the late Neolithic.[7]
Ancient era
Post-classical era
From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state.[8]
Modern era
According to Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, "It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted in the Enlightenment of the seventeenth century".[10] Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with the bourgeoisie.[11][12] The connection between home and house was reinforced by a case law declaration from Edward Coke: "The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house.[13]
A result of the longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character.[14] The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice.[15]
The concept of a smart home arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in a limited capacity.[10] The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary.[16] Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world.[14]
Common types
Шаблон:FurtherThe concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity.[17] People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home.[18] Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion.[8][19][20] The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space.[19][20] There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home.[11] According to Paul Oliver, the vast majority of abodes are vernacular, constructed in accordance with the residents' needs.[21]
House
A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.[22][23]
The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also be other social groups, such as roommates or, in a rooming house, unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. Шаблон:Citation needed Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes".[20]
Joseph Rykwert distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas a home does not.[24] Home and house are often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ: house being "emotionally neutral" and home evoking "personal, cognitive aspects".[20][25] By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house.[15] "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home".[14]
Moveable structures
Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist.[26] A mobile home (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.
A houseboat is a boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized, because they are usually moored, kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat.[27] In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris.[28]
A traditional yurt or ger is a portable round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes of Central Asia. The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation.
Management
Housing cooperative
Repair
Housekeeping
Tenure
Owner-occupancy
Rental accommodation
Squatting
Homelessness
The state of being without a home can occur in many ways,[29] ranging from the upheavals of natural disasters,[30] fraud, theft, arson, or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown, expropriation by government or legislated cause, repossession or foreclosure to pay secured debts, eviction by landlords, disposal by time-limited means – lease, or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss include adverse possession, unpaid property taxation and corruption such as in circumstances of a failed state.
Personal insolvency, development or sustaining of mental illness or severe physical incapacity without affordable domestic care commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased by structural defects, natural subsidence, neglect or soil contamination. Refugees are people who have fled their homes due to violence or persecution. They may seek temporary housing in a shelter or they may claim asylum in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently.Шаблон:Citation needed A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness.[29]
The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means".[29]
Anthropogenic significance
The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such that, the likes of Gaston Bachelard and Martin Heidegger consider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity.[25] A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way."[31] A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride.[32][33] Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life.[18][34] Emmanuel Levinas wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained.[35]
There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships.[10][11][36] Home has been described as an "essentially contested concept".[37] Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without a home.[8] It is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home, which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "a phenomenon made by its residents".[38] Dysfunctional sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless".[39][40]Шаблон:Efn Romantic or nostalgic notions are typical in the conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual concept.[13][41] An ideal working-class home in Postwar Britain was one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion.[42]
In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home.[11][43] Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest.[13] Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants.[11]Шаблон:Efn The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender.[8][29] Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or "a way of being in the world".[11] Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home".[29]
Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of habit, the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their behavior, emotions, and overall mental health.[44] Marianne Gullestad wrote of the home as the center of and as an attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such as gender roles insinuating the home to be the domain of women.[11]Шаблон:Efn To be homesick is to desire belonging, said Zygmunt Bauman.[8] Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be or who they might become.[45] These types of reflections also occur in places where there is a collective historical identity, such as Gettysburg or Ground Zero.[46] The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment.[11] Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences.[8] The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound.[11][47][48][49] The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous.[13]
See also
- Human habitats (Category)
- Ancestral home
- ARCHIVE Global
- Home automation
- Home network
- Home improvement
- Home repair
- Homemaking
- Housing
- List of countries by home ownership rate
- List of human habitation forms
- Show house
- United Nations Human Settlements Programme
Шаблон:Div col end Шаблон:Portal bar
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:Huts Шаблон:Room Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ City of Helsinki (2022): Display captions in the Worker Housing Museum.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 11,7 11,8 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). 6,000 Years of Housing (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
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