Английская Википедия:Honda Group, Colombia
Шаблон:About Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox rockunit Шаблон:Location map+ The Honda Group (Шаблон:Lang-es, Tsh, Ngh) is a geological group of the Upper and Middle Magdalena Basins and the adjacent Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, in older literature also defined as formation, is in its present-day type section in the Tatacoa Desert in the department of Huila subdivided into two main formations; La Victoria and Villavieja.
The group was originally defined in and named after Honda, Tolima, but has been redefined based on the many fossil finds in the Tatacoa Desert, Шаблон:Convert to the south. In the original type section of its occurrence, the Шаблон:Convert thick group is subdivided into three formations, from old to young; Cambrás, San Antonio and Los Limones.
The group dates to the Neogene period; in its broadest definition from the Late Oligocene to Late Miocene, and in the redefined type section restricted to the Laventan age of the South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMA), equivalent to the Middle Miocene Serravallian epoch.
The Honda Group is a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte at the fossiliferous La Venta site in the department of Huila and eastern Tolima and hosts one of the richest formations containing Miocene fauna worldwide.
Etymology and definitions
The group was first defined by Hettner in 1892 in the area of the town after which it is named; Honda, Tolima.[1] In 1942 and 1946, the group was defined as a formation by Royo and Gómez. The first author who used the name Honda for a group, was American zoologist who studied the La Venta fauna in detail, Ruben Arthur Stirton. Subdivisions of the group have been proposed by many different authors with high detail in the different beds.[2] Names as "Monkey Beds", "Fish Beds" and "Unit above Fish Beds" have been colloquially used to designate certain stratigraphic units based on their fossil content.[3][4] The most accepted definition of the group, formations and members was proposed by Villarroel et al. in 1996 to simplify the stratigraphy in a regional sense solving the excessive subdivision into 19 units by Guerrero et al. (1994).[5]
Regional setting
Today, the sediments of the Honda Group are exposed in the Middle (Valle Medio del Magdalena, VMM) and Upper Magdalena Valley (Valle Superior del Magdalena, VSM) in an intermontane valley between the Central Ranges in the west and the Eastern Ranges in the east. The valley in between the two major orogenic chains is filled by the Magdalena River, the longest river of Colombia. The Upper Magdalena Valley geologically is subdivided into the Neiva Sub-basin with the Girardot Sub-basin of the southernmost Middle Magdalena Valley to the north, divided by the Natagaima Arch.[6] The Neiva Sub-basin is bound by the Chusma Fault in the west and to the east by the west-verging Garzón Fault.[7] The Mulato-Getudo Fault possibly underlies the Honda Group south of the La Miel River.[8] The Tatacoa Desert, where the type section of the Honda Group has been redefined is an unusually dry region in Colombia, caused by a mountain induced rain-shadow effect. In Middle Miocene times, the geography was more comparable to the present eastern foothills of the Andes.[9]
The tectonic history of the three mountain chains of Colombia, from west to east, the Western, Central and Eastern Ranges has been studied in detail. The Western and Central Ranges were the first to be exhumed in the Paleogene, with minor uplifts in the Eastern Ranges at this age. The onset of the regional uplift of the Eastern Ranges is dated around the Middle Miocene, with an increased rate of exhumation between 12 and 3 Ma.[10] This caused a segmentation of the current Magdalena Basins and the Llanos Basin to the east, previously part of a larger foreland basin to the east of the Central Ranges.[11] The León Formation in the Llanos Basin provides the first indication of the tectonic uplift of the Eastern Ranges, isolating the Llanos Basin from the Magdalena Valley.[12]
Description
Stratigraphy
The Honda Group unconformably overlies in parts the volcanic deposits of the Prado Member,[4] Barzalosa Formation of the Payandé Group, and in other parts the Saldaña,[13] and Santa Teresa Formations.[14] The unit is overlain by the Neiva Formation of the Gigante Group.[3][15] The presence of a hiatus between the Honda Group and the Barzalosa Formation has been suggested.[16] The group is characterised by two main formations; the lower La Victoria Formation and upper Villavieja Formation. Previously, the La Dorada Formation has been named as a subdivision of the Honda Group, while other authors define that unit as a member. Other names for members and formations are Cerbatana Member, also published as Cervetana Member, named after Quebrada La Cerbatana, Las Mesitas Formation, El Líbano Formation, Baraya Volcanic Member, named after Baraya, and Cerro Colorado Red Bed Member.[17] The Perico Member of the La Dorada Formation has been made equivalent to the La Victoria Formation, as well as the El Líbano Formation.[4]
La Victoria Formation
This formation was first defined by Guerrero in his Master's thesis (1991) and further refined in his doctoral thesis in 1993. The type locality of the La Victoria Formation has been set in the La Venta area and the formation is named after the town of La Victoria, at Шаблон:Convert north-northeast of the urban centre of Villavieja. The formation, restricted to the Neiva Sub-basin,[18] consists mainly of sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerates (75%) with intercalated claystones and siltstones (25%).[5]
The upper part of the La Victoria Formation, underlying the Villavieja Formation, is characterised by a Шаблон:Convert section of conglomerates, designated the Cerbatana Member or Cerbatana Conglomerates. The conglomerate shows trough-cross lamination and imbrication of clasts in a predominantly matrix-supported sequence, with minor clast-supported sections. The base of the conglomerate marks an erosional surface into the underlying silt and clay beds. The clasts of the conglomerate are mostly milky quartz, chert and volcanic in origin, with diameters averaging around Шаблон:Convert with a maximum of Шаблон:Convert. Conglomeratic and medium to coarse-grained sandstone banks, with a similar grain composition as the conglomerates, up to Шаблон:Convert thick are intercalated between the conglomeratic sections. The sandstones are cemented by calcium carbonate in hardgrounds that sometimes form rounded concretions. The claystones and siltstones that are less commonly found in the La Victoria Formations range in thickness from Шаблон:Convert and show reddish-brown, greenish-grey and greyish colourations.[19]
Villavieja Formation
The name Villavieja Formation was first proposed by Wellman in 1968 as a member of the Honda Formation. Two years later, the author elevated the rank to a formation, as part of the Honda Group. The formation takes its name from the municipality Villavieja, Huila, Шаблон:Convert to the north-northeast of the departmental capital Neiva. The type locality is situated on the right bank of the Magdalena River in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.[20]
The contact between the Villavieja Formation and the underlying La Victoria Formation is concordant.[18] The basal part of the Villavieja Formation comprises siltstones and claystones that also form the bulk of the formation with 75 percent. The remaining quarter is composed of conglomeratic sandstones. The thickness of the siltstones and claystones can exceed Шаблон:Convert and have interspersed fine- to medium-grained Шаблон:Convert thin sandstone beds. The fine sediments of the Villavieja Formation are coloured greenish, reddish-brown or bluish-grey and display weathering patterns in so-called "cauliflower erosion" structures. The light grey coarser beds, up to conglomeratic sandstone size, do not exceed Шаблон:Convert in thickness and commonly show a lateral transition with the silt- and claystones. The Baraya Member of the Villavieja Formation shows thin yellowish and reddish brown sandstone and siltstone levels with volcaniclastic grains.[20]
Honda area
The Honda Group extends for approximately Шаблон:Convert from the Upper to the Middle Magdalena Basin and is exposed in various locations along the right and left banks of the Magdalena River. Outcrops along the road between Girardot and Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca show a lower sequence of thick beds of greenish-yellow feldspar- and mica-rich conglomeratic sandstones, intercalated with reddish claystones and an upper level of alternating medium-to-coarse grained quartz arenites with low-angle cross stratification. These sandstones are intercalated with thick layers of fissile claystones with common calcareous sandstone concretions.[21] Sediments of the Honda Group restrict the course of the Sumapaz River to a narrow valley, close to its confluence with the Magdalena River.[22]
The majority of the municipality Prado, Tolima rests upon sediments of the Honda Group.[23] In the Middle Magdalena Basin and the eastern flank of the Central and the western flank of the Eastern Ranges, the group is subdivided into the Los Limones, San Antonio and Cambrás Formations. The total thickness of these formations in the northern original type section of the Honda Group reaches Шаблон:Convert,[1] while a total thickness of Шаблон:Convert has been registered.[15]
Age
Thanks to the fossil abundance of the Honda Group at La Venta, the geological period of the sediments has received a separate name in the South American Mammal Ages (SALMA); Laventan, ranging from 13.8 to 11.8 Ma, as the only SALMA age defined north of the equator and in Colombia.[24] The age of the Villavieja Formation has been estimated to be between 17.0 and 12.1 Ma,[20] while the stratigraphically lower La Victoria Formation is dated at 13.82 to 12.38 Ma (Serravallian), based on fission track and volcanic analysis and paleomagnetic research.[18]
The Honda Group is laterally time equivalent with the lower part of the Real Formation in the central and northern Middle Magdalena Basin,[25] the lower part of the León Formation of the Llanos Basin,[26] the upper range of the Ciénaga de Oro Formation of the Lower Magdalena Basin,[27] and the Caja and Diablo Formations of the Llanos foothills.[28]
Depositional environment
The Honda Group has been deposited in a fluvial environment, with the lower part of the La Victoria Formation in a meandering setting, while the upper part was formed in a braided river system. The paleocurrent was from the west to the east and east-southeast.[19] The overlying predominantly finer grained Villavieja Formation was deposited in a meandering setting of a smaller size than those of the older La Victoria Formation. Paleocurrent analysis of the sediments in the Baraya and Cerro Colorado Members has revealed a similar flow direction as the La Victoria paleorivers, while the upper part of the Cerro Colorado Member shows an opposite trend to the west.[20] The volcanic clasts of the formations have as provenance the Central Range volcanism, of which the volcaniclastics in the Honda Group mark its onset.[29][30]
The depositional boundary for the Honda Group in the east is formed by the reverse Prado-Suárez and Cambrás-Salinas-Cambao Faults.[31]
Paleoclimate and vegetation
Analysis of the "Monkey Beds" of the Honda Group, provided estimates of annual precipitation levels between Шаблон:Convert. Today, these levels of rainfall are associated with the transition between savanna and forest environments in lowland South America. The vegetation of the La Venta fossil assemblage was diverse due to the different biomes of the depositional environment; meandering and braided river systems in a setting at lower altitudes than the present-day elevation of more than Шаблон:Convert above mean sea level. It has been suggested that the vegetational cover of the Honda Group sedimentary sequence was not a continuous canopy forest, yet a complex pattern of different flora ecosystems. The evergreen Amazonian foothill forests of today would therefore postdate the uplift of the Eastern Ranges of the Andes.[32] Based on vegetational and grazer diversity analysis of the La Venta fauna, it has been suggested the ecosystem resembled more that of Africa and Asia than of the modern Neotropics.[33] Research of the paleosols found in various levels within the Honda Group suggests the presence of arid areas in close proximity to pluvial parts.[34]
Petroleum geology
In the oil-producing Upper Magdalena Basin, the Honda Group is one of the reservoir formations, next to the more important Caballos and Monserrate Formations.[35][36] Shales of the Honda Group function as seal rock for certain oilfields in the Upper Magdalena Basin.[37] In the Tello Field in the basin, the Honda Group forms the overburden rock for the producing Monserrate reservoirs.[38]
Fossil content
Шаблон:Main The Honda Group is the richest fossiliferous stratigraphic unit of Colombia, and one of the most important for the Miocene worldwide. At the La Venta site, numerous fossils of various orders have been recovered and are found still. The site marks a unique ecosystem showing a broad range of biodiversity. La Venta is also an important site as it represents the youngest uniquely South American faunal assemblage before the Great American Biotic Interchange; the result of the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, of which the initial phase has been dated at around 12 Ma.[39] This led to a drastic alteration of the South American former island continental fauna. The Sparassodonta formed the dominant carnivorous mammal group in South America during most of the Cenozoic.
In South America, the carnivorous adaptive zone in terrestrial ecosystems was shared with other mammals; terror birds (Phorusrhacoidea), large crocodiles (Sebecidae), large snakes (Madtsoiidae and Boidae), and even occasionally frogs.[40] The diversity of fossil freshwater fishes and crocodilians at La Venta is the richest assemblage of South America.[33][41] Fossilised trunks of Goupioxylon sp. have been identified in the Honda Group.[42]
The genus names Hondadelphys and Hondathentes, and the species epithets of Anadasypus hondanus and Scirrotherium hondaensis refer to the Honda Group. The giant sloth Brievabradys laventensis, the primate Stirtonia tatacoensis (originally described as Kondous laventicus), and the marsupial Micoureus laventicus were named after La Venta, while the primates Miocallicebus villaviejai and Stirtonia victoriae received their species epithets from the formations comprising the Honda Group.
Mammals
Chiroptera
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diclidurus | D. sp. | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Eumops | E. sp. | |||||
| Kiotomops | K. lopezi | |||||
| Lophostoma | L. sp. | |||||
| Mormopterus | M. colombiensis | |||||
| Noctilio | N. albiventris | A lesser bulldog bat | Шаблон:Center | |||
| Notonycteris | N. magdalenensis | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| N. sucharadeus | ||||||
| Palynephyllum | P. antimaster | |||||
| Potamops | P. mascahehenes | |||||
| Tonatia | T. sp. | |||||
| Thyroptera | T. lavali | A LaVal's disk-winged bat | Шаблон:Center | |||
| T. robusta | ||||||
| T. tricolor | A Spix's disk-winged bat |
Marsupials
- Didelphimorphia
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thylamys | T. colombianus | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| T. minutus |
- Microbiotheria
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micoureus | M. laventicus | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Pachybiotherium | P. minor |
- Sparassodonta
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anachlysictis | A. gracilis | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Dukecynus | D. magnus | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Hondadelphys | H. fieldsi | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Lycopsis | L. longirostrus | Шаблон:Center |
- Paucituberculata
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hondathentes | H. cazador | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Pithiculites | P. chenche |
Primates
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aotus | A. dindensis | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Cebupithecia | C. sarmientoi | |||||
| Lagonimico | L. conclucatus | |||||
| Micodon | M. kiotensis | |||||
| Miocallicebus | M. villaviejai | |||||
| Mohanamico | M. hershkovitzi | |||||
| Neosaimiri | N. annectens | (syn. Laventiana annectens) | ||||
| N. fieldsi | ||||||
| Nuciruptor | N. rubricae | |||||
| Patasola | P. magdalenae | |||||
| Stirtonia | S. tatacoensis | (syn. Kondous laventicus) | ||||
| S. victoriae |
Astrapotheria
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hilarcotherium | H. castanedaii | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Granastrapotherium | G. snorki | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Xenastrapotherium | X. kraglievichi | Шаблон:Center |
Panperissodactyla
- Litopterna
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Megadolodus | M. molariformis | La Venta, Villavieja Formation. | A left preserved mandibles, limb bones, teeth, vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs | A proterotheriid litoptern. | Шаблон:Center | |
| Mesolicaphrium | M. sanalfonense | La Victoria and Villavieja Formations | The jaw symphysis, two right mandibular rami, and teeth. | A litoptern. | ||
| Neodolodus | N. colombianus | La Victoria and Villavieja Formations. | Right mandibular ramus, teeth, and part of the fore- and hindlimbs | A litoptern. | ||
| Proterotheriidae | P. indet. | A litoptern. | ||||
| Theosodon | T. sp. | A litoptern. | ||||
| Villarroelia | V. totoyoi | La Victoria Formation. | A partial skull. | A litoptern. |
- Notoungulata
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cochilius | C. sp. | Шаблон:CenterШаблон:Center Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Huilatherium | H. pluriplicatum | Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta. | A leontiniid. | |||
| Leontiniidae | L. sp. | |||||
| Miocochilius | M. anomopodus | An interatheriid. | ||||
| Pericotoxodon | P. platignathus | A toxodontid. | ||||
| Toxodontidae | T. sp. |
Rodent
Sirenia
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potamosiren | P. magdalenensis | Шаблон:Center |
Xenarthra
- Pilosa
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hapalops | H. sp. | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Brievabradys | B. laventensis | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Glossotheriopsis | G. pascuali | |||||
| Huilabradys | H. magdaleniensis | |||||
| Magdalenabradys | M. confusum | |||||
| Megalonychidae | M. sp. | |||||
| Megatheriinae | M. sp. | |||||
| Neonematherium | N. flabellatum | |||||
| Neotamandua | N. borealis | |||||
| Nothrotheriinae | N. sp. |
- Cingulata
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anadasypus | A. hondanus | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Boreostemma | B. acostae | |||||
| B. gigantea | ||||||
| Dasypodidae | D. sp. | |||||
| Nanoastegotherium | N. prostatum | |||||
| Neoglyptatelus | N. originalis | |||||
| Pedrolypeutes | P. praecursor | |||||
| Scirrotherium | S. hondaensis |
Birds
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aramus | A. paludigrus | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Galbula | G. hylochoreutes | an extinct Jacamar bird. | Шаблон:Center | |||
| Hoazinoides | H. magdalenae | Шаблон:Center |
Reptiles and amphibians
- Crocodilians
- Turtles
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mesoclemmys | M. vanegasorum | Файл:Tortue à tête de crapaud.jpg | Шаблон:Center | |||
| Chelus | C. colombiana | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Podocnemis | P. medemi | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Geochelone | Geochelone hesterna | Шаблон:Center |
- Snakes
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colombophis | C. portai | Шаблон:Center | ||||
| Eunectes | ?E. stirtoni |
- Lizards
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dracaena | D. colombiana | (syn. Paradracaena colombiana) | Шаблон:Center |
- Frogs
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Abundance | Description | Images | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhinella | R. marina | a Cane toad | Шаблон:Center |
Fish and crustaceans
Panorama
Regional correlations
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- Шаблон:Small
- proximal Llanos (Medina)Шаблон:Refn
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)Шаблон:Refn
Laventan correlations
See also
- Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
- Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Iberia
Sources
Notes
References
Bibliography
General
Llanos Basin
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
Basement
'Paleozoic'
'Jurassic'
Maps
- National
- Regional
Llanos Basin
- Шаблон:Cite map
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- Шаблон:Cite map
Catatumbo Basin
Eastern Cordillera
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite reportШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite reportШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite reportШаблон:Dead link
Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM)
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
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Caguán-Putumayo Basin
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
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- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
See also
- Geology of the Eastern Hills
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Bogotá, Cerrejón, Floresta, Paja Formations
Notes
References
Bibliography
Regional geology
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite reportШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Webarchive
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite report
Local geology
Paleontology
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite report
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Maps
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
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- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
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- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite map
- Шаблон:Cite LSA
External links
- Шаблон:In lang Faunas del Cenozoico de Colombia
- Шаблон:In lang Fauna de La Venta - aspectos geológicos
Шаблон:SALMA Шаблон:Paleontology in Colombia
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.34
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.47
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Villarroel et al., 1996, p.48
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Villarroel et al., 1996, p.50
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Villarroel et al., 1996, p.51
- ↑ López Quintero, 2007, p.1
- ↑ Jiménez et al., 2012, p.186
- ↑ Plancha 188, 2009
- ↑ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.163
- ↑ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.1
- ↑ Parra, 2008, p.41
- ↑ Villegas et al., 1994, p.1849
- ↑ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.24
- ↑ Álvarez et al., 2017, p.142
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 García et al., 2009. p.85
- ↑ López Quintero, 2007, p.16
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.49
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Villarroel, 1996, p.53
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Villarroel et al., 1996, p.52
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ↑ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.33
- ↑ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.45
- ↑ N.N., s.a., p.182
- ↑ Laventan at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.3
- ↑ García et al., 2009. p.60
- ↑ Torres et al., 2012, p.2
- ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
- ↑ Gónzalez, 2001, p.81
- ↑ Kroonenberg et al., 1982, p.21
- ↑ Triviño, 1993, p.29
- ↑ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.186
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Kay & Madden, 1997, p.183
- ↑ Flórez et al., 2013, p.243
- ↑ Barrero et al., 2007, p.85
- ↑ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.25
- ↑ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.26
- ↑ Ramón et al., 2001, p.63
- ↑ De Porta, 2003, p.191
- ↑ Súarez, 2015, p.03
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
- ↑ The Villavieja Formation, Colombia - University of California, Berkeley
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 43,2 43,3 43,4 43,5 García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 44,2 44,3 44,4 44,5 García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ↑ 45,0 45,1 García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ↑ 46,0 46,1 46,2 46,3 46,4 46,5 46,6 46,7 46,8 46,9 Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 47,3 47,4 47,5 47,6 47,7 Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ↑ 49,0 49,1 Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ↑ 50,0 50,1 Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ↑ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ↑ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ↑ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ↑ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ↑ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ↑ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ↑ 65,0 65,1 Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ↑ 66,0 66,1 Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ↑ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ↑ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ↑ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ↑ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ↑ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ↑ 76,0 76,1 76,2 76,3 Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ↑ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ↑ 78,0 78,1 Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
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- Stratigraphy of Colombia
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- Honda Group, Colombia
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