Английская Википедия:Hong Bok-won
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox name transliteration Hong Bok-won (1206–1258) was a Goryeo commander who later served as an administrator of the Mongol Empire. Descended from a northwestern warlord family, Hong Bok-won defected to the Mongols in 1231 and eventually settled around Liaoyang and Shenyang, where he was installed him as an administrator of Goryeo defectors.[1] That was the beginning of Korea colonies in Liaodong, whose head was later called King of Shen (瀋王). Even though Goryeo released his father, he joined Mongol incursions into Goryeo.
Hong Bok-won had seven sons and one daughter. One of his sons, Hong Ta-gu, served in the military of the Yuan dynasty.[1]
Early life
Hong Bok-won was born to Hong Daesun (洪大純), a toryon (military commander) under the Chujingun system in the region of Inju. He had about 3,000 armed men under his command. Toryons were often referred to as t'oho (powerful familities) because they behaved like autonomous warlords.[1]
Hong Bok-won and his father first encountered the Mongols in 1218 when they invaded Goryeo in pursuit of Khitan rebel groups. There is no record of Hong Daesun taking orders from the Goryeo court to coordinate an attack on the Mongols. The t'ohos of Northwestern Goryeo were at odds with the central court due to their control over their trade activities with northern nomads.[1]
Mongol service
When the Mongols invaded Goryeo in 1231, Hong Bok-won defected to their side with his subordinates numbering 1500 families. He was given the post of Koryo kunmin manho ("the commander of ten thousand families of Koryo warriors"). He persuaded 40 Goryeo fortresses to surrender to the Mongols. After the Mongols left, the Goryeo court gave him the title of rangjang of Sogyong, which indirectly acknowledged that they had no real control over him and sought to compromise with the warlord. Hong Bok-won rebelled in Sogyong in 1233 and killed Chong Ui, the general assigned to Sogyong to defend elite interests. The rebellion was defeated and Hong Bok-won escaped to Mongol territory. His father and brother, Hong Baek-su, were captured and taken to Kaesong.[1]
After fleeing, he went to Shenyang where he begged the Mongols to allow him to stay, and they appointed him kwanryong kuibu koryo kunmin changgwan ("the Commander of Submitted Koryo Warriors"). He became the leader of Goryeo defectors. In 1234, he was ordered to attack Goryeo. In 1238, about 2,000 Goryeo men under Cho Hyon-seup and Lee Won-ja submitted to the Mongols and were placed under Hong's command. In 1250, Hong had a quarrel with Wang Jun, a Goryeo royal hostage sent to the Mongols who stayed in his house. In 1252, Hong assembled his men and received permission to attack Goryeo. The next year, Hong instigated an attack on Goryeo by claiming that the king of Goryeo had no intention of returning the capital to Kaesong. He demanded bribes from the Goryeo court. The court responded the next year with large amounts of silver, gold, and leather. In 1256, Hong took part in the invasion of Goryeo as a commander of Goryeo troops. In 1258 he was executed because of defamation by Wang Jun.[1]
Death
Prince Wang Jun of Goryeo married a Mongol princess and started gaining influence among the Mongol elite. He was part of the Goryeo-Mongol reconciliation process that Wonjong of Goryeo successfully utilized to overthrow the military's power, and thus threatened Hong Bok-won's position as the primary military expert on Goryeo operations. The Mongols were also worried about Hong's rise in Shenyang and Liaoyang and hoped to use a divide and conquer strategy to balance Hong's influence. The Goryeosa provides an account of personal conflict involving Hong, Wang Jun, and his Mongol wife who used her influence to cause the execution of Hong. The History of Yuan merely remarks that Hong and Wang Jun struggled for power over the Goryeo warrior defectors and Hong died after losing the contest.[1]
After Hong Bok-won's death, the Goryeo people of Liaoyang were left under the control of the Hong clan while Wang Jun was left in control of some 2,000 Goryeo families in Shenyang.[1]
Family
- Father: Hong Daesun (홍대순)
- Grandfather: Hong Je-seon (홍제선)
- Grandmother: Lady Mun (부인 문씨); daughter of Mun Sin-u (문신우, 文申祐)
- Unnamed mother
- Younger brother: Hong Baeksu (홍백수)
- Nephew: Hong-Seon (홍선)
- Grandnephew: Hong-Tak (홍탁); became the father of Lady Hong, Consort Hwa
- Grandnephew: Hong-Su (홍수); became the great-grandfather of Hong Gilmin (홍길민–Kingdom of Joseon's founder)
- Nephew: Hong-Seon (홍선)
- Younger brother: Hong Baeksu (홍백수)
- Unnamed wife
- 1st son: Hong Dagu (홍다구, 洪茶丘)
- 2nd son: Hong Gunsang (홍군상, 洪君祥)
- Daughter: Lady Hong (부인 홍씨, 夫人 洪氏)
- Son-in-law: Jang-Wi (장위, 張暐)
In popular culture
- Portrayed by Lee Won-jae in the 2012 MBC TV series God of War.
See also
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Oleg Pirozhenko, 'Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination', International Journal of Korean History, Vol. 9 (2005); available at http://ijkh.khistory.org/journal/view.php?number=469; English translation here: http://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/9-08_oleg%20pirozhenko.pdf
