Английская Википедия:Honne and tatemae
In Japan, Шаблон:Transliteration refers to a person's Шаблон:Nihongo, and Шаблон:Transliteration refers contrastingly to Шаблон:Nihongo. This distinction began to be made in the post-war era.[1]Шаблон:Rp
A person's Шаблон:Transliteration may be contrary to what is expected by society or what is required according to one's position and circumstances, and they are often kept hidden, except with one's closest friends. Шаблон:Transliteration is what is expected by society and required according to one's position and circumstances, and these may or may not match one's Шаблон:Transliteration. In many cases, Шаблон:Transliteration leads to outright telling of lies in order to avoid exposing the true inward feelings.
Professor Takeo Doi considered the Шаблон:Transliteration divide to be of paramount importance in Japanese culture.[2]
Causes
In Japanese culture, public failure and the disapproval of others are seen as particular sources of shame[3]Шаблон:Rp and reduced social standing,[2]Шаблон:Rp[4]Шаблон:Rp[5]Шаблон:Rp so it is common to avoid direct confrontation or disagreement in most social contexts.[3]Шаблон:Rp Traditionally, social norms dictate that one should attempt to minimize discord; failure to do so might be seen as insulting or aggressive.[3]Шаблон:Rp For this reason, the Japanese tend to go to great lengths to avoid conflict, especially within the context of large groups.Шаблон:Citation needed By upholding this social norm,[3]Шаблон:Rp one is socially protected from such transgressions by others.[6]Шаблон:Rp
The conflict between Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration (social obligations) is one of the main topics of Japanese drama throughout the ages.[3]Шаблон:Rp For example, the protagonist would have to choose between carrying out his obligations to his family/feudal lord or pursuing a clandestine love affair.Шаблон:Citation needed
The same concept in Chinese culture is called "inside face" and "outside face", and these two aspects also frequently come into conflict.Шаблон:Citation needed
Effects
Contemporary phenomena such as Шаблон:Transliteration seclusion and parasite singles are seen as examples of late Japanese culture's growing problem of the new generation growing up unable to deal with the complexities of Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Citation needed and pressure of an increasingly consumerist society.Шаблон:Citation needed
Though Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration are not a uniquely Japanese phenomenon, some Japanese feel that it is unique to Japan; especially among those Japanese who feel their culture is unique in having the concepts of "private mind" and "public mind". Although there might not be direct single word translations for Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration in some languages,Шаблон:Citation needed they do have two-word descriptions; for example in English, "private mind" and "public mind".
Some researchers[7] suggest that the need for explicit words for Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration in Japanese culture is evidence that the concept is relatively new to Japan, whereas the unspoken understanding in many other cultures indicates a deeper internalization of the concepts. In any case, all cultures have conventions that help to determine appropriate communication and behavior in various social contexts which are implicitly understood without an explicit name for the social mores on which the conventions are based.
A similar discord of Japanese true own feeling and the pretension before public is observed in Шаблон:Transliteration,[4]Шаблон:Rp a phrase whose meaning literally translates as "starving to [one's] skeleton", referring to being content or pretending to be so. Nowadays, the phrase is used for two different meanings, expressing the samurai virtue of self-discipline,[3]Шаблон:Rp silent moral heroism,[6]Шаблон:Rp or ridiculing stubbornness, face-savingness.[5]Шаблон:Rp
See also
- Japanese values
- Smile mask syndrome, Japan
- Tadanobu Tsunoda
- The Anatomy of Dependence, Japanese book
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- Ambivalence
- Egosyntonic and egodystonic
- Emotional conflict
- Persona (psychology)
- Preference falsification
- Self-discrepancy theory
- Splitting (psychology)
- True self and false self
- double standard
- Presentational and representational acting
References
- ↑ Takeo Doi, The Anatomy of Self, 1985
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:ISBN for 2002 reprint.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
