Английская Википедия:Hosta

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Файл:Afbeelding-053-Hosta sieboldiana.tif

Hosta sieboldiana by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868

Hosta (Шаблон:IPAc-en, syn. Funkia) is a genus of plants commonly known as hostas, plantain lilies and occasionally by the Japanese name gibōshi. Hostas are widely cultivated as shade-tolerant foliage plants. The genus is currently placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, and is native to northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East). Like many "lilioid monocots", the genus was once classified in the Liliaceae. The genus was named by Austrian botanist Leopold Trattinnick in 1812, in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host. In 1817, the generic name Funkia was used by German botanist Kurt Sprengel in honor of Heinrich Christian Funck, a collector of ferns and alpines; this was later used as a common name and can be found in some older literature.

Description

Hostas are herbaceous perennial plants, growing from rhizomes which are sometimes stoloniferous, with broad lanceolate or ovate leaves varying widely in size by species from Шаблон:Cvt long and Шаблон:Cvt broad. The smallest varieties are called miniatures. Variation among the numerous cultivars is even greater, with clumps ranging from less than Шаблон:Cvt across and Шаблон:Cvt high to more than Шаблон:Cvt across and Шаблон:Cvt high. Leaf color in wild species is typically green, although some species (e.g., H. sieboldiana) are known for a glaucous waxy leaf coating that gives a blue appearance to the leaf. Some species have a glaucous white coating covering the underside of the leaves. Natural mutations of native species are known with yellow-green ("gold") colored leaves or with leaf variegation (either white/cream or yellowish edges or centers). Variegated plants very often give rise to sports that are the result of the reshuffling of cell layers during bud formation, producing foliage with mixed pigment sections. In seedlings variegation is generally maternally derived by chloroplast transfer and is not a genetically inheritable trait.

The flowers of hosta are produced on upright scapes that are woody and remain on the plant throughout winter, they are generally taller than the leaf mound, and end in terminal racemes. The individual flowers are usually pendulous, Шаблон:Cvt long, with six tepals, white, lavender, or violet in color and usually scentless. The only strongly fragrant species is Hosta plantaginea, which has white flowers up to Шаблон:Cvt long; it is also unusual in that the flowers open in the evening and close by morning. This species blooms in late summer and is sometimes known as "August Lily".

Taxonomy

Taxonomists differ on the number of Hosta species; there may be as many as 45. Accordingly, the list of species given here may be taken loosely. The genus may be broadly divided into three subgenera. Interspecific hybridization occurs since all the species have the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 60); except H. ventricosa which is a natural tetraploid that sets seed through apomixis. Many cultivated hostas formerly described as species have been reduced to cultivars; these often have their names conserved, and retain Latinized names which resemble species names (e.g., Hosta 'Fortunei').

Accepted species as of July 2021:

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Hosta albofarinosa	Anhui
Файл:Hosta capitata2UME.jpg	Hosta capitata	Japan, Korea
Файл:Hosta clausa var. ensata1SHSU.jpg	Hosta clausa	Korea, Manchuria, Primorye
	Hosta hypoleuca	Honshu
	Hosta jonesii	Korean Islands
	Hosta kikutii	Japan
Файл:Hosta pachyscapa kz1.jpg	Hosta kiyosumiensis	Honshu
	Hosta longipes	Japan, Korea
	Hosta longissima	Japan, Korea
Файл:Hosta minor kz04.jpg	Hosta minor	Kyushu, Korea
Файл:Hosta plantaginea Funkia babkowata 02.jpg	Hosta plantaginea	China
	Hosta pulchella	Kyushu
	Hosta pycnophylla	Honshu
	Hosta shikokiana	Shikoku
Файл:Hosta sieboldiana (flower).jpg	Hosta sieboldiana	Japan, Korea
Файл:Hosta sieboldii kz05.jpg	Hosta sieboldii	Japan
	Hosta tsushimensis	Kyushu
Файл:Hosta ventricosa3726837254.jpg	Hosta ventricosa	S China
Файл:Hosta venusta Moegi-fukurin-otome 0zz.jpg	Hosta venusta	Jeju-do, Japan
	Hosta yingeri	Korean Islands

Accepted hybrids

1. Hosta × alismifolia – Honshu
2. Hosta × tardiva

Cultivation

Файл:Hosta33.jpg

Hosta

Hostas are widely cultivated, being particularly useful in the garden as shade-tolerant plants whose striking foliage provides a focal point. The plants are long-lived perennials that are winter hardy in USDA Zones 3 to 8 and recommended for heat zones 8 to 1. Though Hosta plantaginea originates in China, most of the species that provide the modern plants were introduced from Japan to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold in the mid-19th century originating from shady locations with more moisture than they are generally cultivated. Newer species have been discovered on the Korean peninsula as well. Hybridization within and among species and cultivars has produced numerous cultivars. The American Hosta Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hosta, and recognises over 7,200 registered or reserved names.

Cultivars with golden- or white-variegated leaves are especially prized.Шаблон:Citation needed Popular cultivars include 'Francee' (green leaves with white edges), 'Gold Standard' (yellow leaves with green edges, discovered by Pauline Banyai) 'Undulata' (green leaves with white centers), 'June' (blue-green leaves with creamy centers), and 'Sum and Substance' (a huge plant with chartreuse-yellow leaves). Newer, fragrant cultivars such as 'Guacamole' are also popular.

The American Hosta Society and the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society support hosta display gardens, often within botanical gardens. Hostas are frequently exhibited at major shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show.

Cultivars

The following is a list of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Шаблон:Div col

• ‘Allegan Fog’
• 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)
• 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)
• ’Blue Mouse Ears’
• ‘Christmas Tree’
• ’Cracker Crumbs’
• ’Devon Green’
• ‘El Niño’ (Tardiana Group)
• ‘Fire Island’
• ’First Frost’
• 'Francee' (fortunei)
• 'Frances Williams'
• 'Golden Tiara'
• 'Halcyon' (tardiana)
• H. fortunei var. aureomarginata
• H. plantaginea var. japonica
• H. sieboldiana var. elegans
• H. undulata var. undulata
• H. ventricosa
• H. venusta
• 'June' (tardiana)
• 'Krossa Regal'
• ’Liberty’
• ’Orange Marmalade’
• ’Paradise Puppet’
• ’Patriot’
• ’Paul’s Glory’
• ’Praying Hands’
• ’Revolution’
• 'Royal Standard'
• 'Sagae'
• ’Shining Tot’
• ’Stained Glass’
• 'Sum and Substance'
• ’Touch of Class’
• ’Whirlwind’
• 'Wide Brim'

Toxicity

While usually grown for ornamental purposes, all species of hosta are edible, and are grown as vegetables in some Asian cultures.

However, hostas may be toxic to dogs, cats, and horses if consumed in large quantities because some contain saponins. Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea.

Pests and diseases

Файл:Moonlightvar.jpg

Hosta with virus X.

Hosta leaves and stems are eaten by deer, rabbits, slugs and snails, and the roots and rhizomes are eaten by voles, all of these can cause extensive damage to collections in gardens. Some varieties seem more resistant to slug damage, which is more prevalent later in the growing season, than others. Insect pests include vine weevils and cutworms.

Foliar nematodes, which leave streaks of dead tissue between veins, have become an increasing problem where pesticide use has decreased.Шаблон:Citation needed

A potexvirus called 'Hosta Virus X' was first identified in Minnesota in 1996. Plants that are infected are destroyed to prevent its spread as the disease can be transmitted from plant to plant by contaminated sap. Symptoms include dark green "ink bleed" marks in the veins of yellow-colored leaves, and/or tissue collapse between veins. It can take years for symptoms to show, so symptomless plants in infected batches should also be considered infected.

Other viruses that infect Hosta include: Tomato Ringspot Virus, Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus, Tobacco Rattle Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus and several unidentified viruses.

Fungal diseases that affect Hosta include: crown rot caused by Fusarium hostae. It causes stunting and late emergence of the plants, leaf chlorosis, browning and necrosis. Шаблон:Clear right

References

• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• American Hosta Society
• Hosta Library 17000 Hosta Photographs, Articles, and Hosta Auction
• Шаблон:Dead link Hosta Virus X, Kansas State UniversityШаблон:Dead link
• HOSTAS Cubit (ID, Hybridizing, Sources databases; forums)
• Danish Hosta Society
• Plants for a Future Descriptions (from a Western perspective) of the edibility of several species
• Hosta Lists and Hosta Garden Themes Don Rawson's Hosta Lists, containing over 22,000 entries in 102 lists.