Английская Википедия:House of Peers (Japan)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Infobox legislature
The Шаблон:Nihongo was the upper house of the Imperial Diet as mandated under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (in effect from 11 February 1889 to 3 May 1947).
Background
In 1869, under the new Meiji government, a Japanese peerage was created by an Imperial decree merging the former court nobility (kuge) and former feudal lords (daimyos) into a single new aristocratic class called the kazoku. A second imperial ordinance in 1884 grouped the kazoku into five ranks equivalent to the European aristocrats: prince (equivalent to an european duke), marquess, count, viscount, and baron.[1] Although this grouping idea was taken from the European peerage, the Japanese titles were taken from Chinese and based on the ancient feudal system in China. Itō Hirobumi and the other Meiji leaders deliberately modeled the chamber on the British House of Lords, as a counterweight to the popularly elected House of Representatives (Shūgiin).
Establishment
In 1889, the House of Peers Ordinance established the House of Peers and its composition. For the first session of the Imperial Diet (November 1890–March 1891), there were 145 hereditary members and 106 imperial appointees and high taxpayers, for a total of 251 members. In the 1920s, four new peers elected by the Japan Imperial Academy were added, and the number of peers elected by the top taxpayers of each prefecture was increased from 47 to 66 as some prefectures now elected two members. Inversely, the minimum age for hereditary (dukes and marquesses) and mutually elected (counts, viscounts and barons) noble peers was increased to 30, slightly reducing their number. By 1938, membership reached 409 seats.[2] After the addition of seats for the imperial colonies of Chōsen (the Japanese colonial name of Korea) and Taiwan during the last stages of WWII, it stood at 418 at the beginning of the 89th Imperial Diet in November 1945,[3] briefly before Douglas MacArthur's "purge" barred many members from public office. In 1947 during its 92nd and final session, the number of members was 373.Шаблон:Citation needed
Composition
After revisions to the Ordinance, notably in 1925, the House of Peers comprised:
- The crown prince (Шаблон:Lang) and the imperial grandson and heir presumptive (Шаблон:Lang) from the age of 18, with the term of office for life.
- All imperial princes (Шаблон:Lang) and lesser princes of the imperial blood (Шаблон:Lang) over the age of 20, with the term of office for life.
- All princes and marquesses over the age of 25 (raised to 30 in 1925), with the term of office for life.
- 18 counts, 66 viscounts and 66 barons over the age of 25 (raised to 30 in 1925), for seven-year terms.
- 125 distinguished politicians and scientists over the age of 30 nominated by the Emperor in consultation with the Privy Council, with the term of office for life.
- 4 members of the Imperial Academy over the age of 30, elected by the academicians and nominated by the Emperor, for seven-year terms.
- 66 elected representatives of the 6000 highest taxpayers, over the age of 30 and for seven-year terms.[4]
Postwar dissolution
After World War II, the United States occupied Japan and undertook widespread structural changes to progress the principles of what it felt were democratization and demilitarization, which included extensive land reform that stripped the nobility of their land and therefore a major source of income.[5][6] A new constitution was also written by the occupiers, the current Constitution of Japan, in effect from 3 May 1947, which required the mostly unelected House of Peers be replaced by an elected House of Councillors.[7]
Leadership
Presidents
| Portrait | Name | Faction | Term start | Term end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Itō Hirobumi.jpg | [[Itō Hirobumi|Шаблон:Small Itō Hirobumi]] Шаблон:Small |
None | 24 October 1890 | 20 July 1891 |
| Файл:Hachisuka Mochiaki (cropped).jpg | [[Hachisuka Mochiaki|Шаблон:Small Hachisuka Mochiaki]] Шаблон:Small |
None | 20 July 1891 | 3 October 1896 |
| Файл:Konoe Atsumaro.jpg | [[Konoe Atsumaro|Шаблон:Small Konoe Atsumaro]] Шаблон:Small |
Sanyōkai | 3 October 1896 | 4 December 1903 |
| Файл:Portrait of Prince Tokugawa Iesato as President of the House of Peers.jpg | [[Tokugawa Iesato|Шаблон:Small Tokugawa Iesato]] Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 4 December 1903 | 9 June 1933 |
| Файл:Fumimaro Konoe(cropped).jpg | [[Fumimaro Konoe|Шаблон:Small Fumimaro Konoe]] Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 9 June 1933 | 17 June 1937 |
| Файл:Yorinaga Matsudaira.jpg | [[Yorinaga Matsudaira|Шаблон:Small Yorinaga Matsudaira]] Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 17 June 1937 | 13 September 1944 |
| Файл:Tokugawa Kuniyuki.jpg | [[Kuniyuki Tokugawa|Шаблон:Small Tokugawa Kuniyuki]] Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 11 October 1944 | 19 June 1946 |
| Файл:Tokugawa Iemasa as the president of the house of peers.jpg | [[Iemasa Tokugawa|Шаблон:Small Tokugawa Iemasa]] Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 19 June 1946 | 2 May 1947 |
Vice presidents
| Portrait | Name | Faction | Term start | Term end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Higashikuze Michitomi.jpg | [[Higashikuze Michitomi|Шаблон:Small Higashikuze Michitomi]] Шаблон:Small |
None | 24 October 1890 | 1 August 1891 |
| Файл:Baron Hosokawa, acting chancellor of Gakushuin.jpg | Hosokawa Junjirō Шаблон:Small |
None | 30 September 1891 | 13 November 1893 |
| Файл:Kinmochi Saionji formal.jpg | [[Saionji Kinmochi|Шаблон:Small Saionji Kinmochi]] Шаблон:Small |
None | 13 November 1893 | 12 May 1894 |
| Файл:Kuroda Nagashige.jpg | Шаблон:Small Kuroda Nagashige Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 6 October 1894 | 16 January 1924 |
| Файл:Mr. Masaaki Hachisuka, heir of Marquis Hachisuka.jpg | Шаблон:Small Hachisuka Masaaki Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 16 January 1924 | 16 January 1931 |
| Файл:Fumimaro Konoe(cropped).jpg | [[Fumimaro Konoe|Шаблон:Small Fumimaro Konoe]] Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 16 January 1931 | 9 June 1933 |
| Файл:Yorinaga Matsudaira.jpg | [[Yorinaga Matsudaira|Шаблон:Small Yorinaga Matsudaira]] Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 9 June 1933 | 19 June 1937 |
| Файл:Yukitada Sasaki.jpg | Шаблон:Small Sasaki Yukitada Шаблон:Small |
Kayōkai | 19 June 1937 | 21 October 1944 |
| Файл:Sakai Tadamasa.jpg | Шаблон:Small Sakai Tadamasa Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 21 October 1944 | 17 December 1945 |
| Файл:Tokugawa Muneyoshi.jpg | [[Muneyoshi Tokugawa|Шаблон:Small Tokugawa Muneyoshi]] Шаблон:Small |
Kenkyūkai | 19 June 1946 | 2 May 1947 |
See also
- Westminster System
- Prussian House of Lords
- House of Ariki
- Chamber of Peers
- Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
- Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
- Gentry assembly
- Assembly of Notables
- The Seanad
- Tricameral Parliament
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ p. 109, "Government: The Imperial Diet - House of Peers," Japan Year Book 1938-1939, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
- ↑ National Diet Library, Reference (レファレンス, an NDL periodical) 2005.5, Hidehisa Ōyama 帝国議会の運営と会議録をめぐって; contains an appended table listing membership by category at the beginning of each Imperial Diet]
- ↑ "Government: The Imperial Diet – House of Peers", Japan Year Book 1938–1939, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo, p. 109
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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