Английская Википедия:Houston Ship Channel
The Houston Ship Channel, in Houston, Texas, is part of the Port of Houston, one of the busiest seaports in the world.[1] The channel is the conduit for ocean-going vessels between Houston-area terminals and the Gulf of Mexico, and it serves an increasing volume of inland barge traffic.
The Houston Ship Channel is a vital waterway located in southeastern Texas, United States, serving as a crucial link between the Port of Houston and the Gulf of Mexico. Its strategic location and extensive infrastructure make it one of the busiest and most significant maritime corridors in the nation, facilitating a wide range of maritime activities, including shipping, industrial operations, and international trade.
History
The history of the Houston Ship Channel is intricately woven into the fabric of Houston's emergence as a powerhouse in commerce and transportation during the late 19th century. As the city flourished and its port facilities expanded to accommodate increasing trade volumes, it became evident that a more efficient and accessible waterway was needed to support the growing maritime activities. This realization led to ambitious plans for dredging and construction projects aimed at creating a navigable channel that could handle larger vessels and enhance connectivity between Houston and international markets.
In the early 1900s, groundbreaking efforts began with dredging operations to deepen and widen the waterway, clearing a path for ships of greater draft and size. Concurrently, infrastructure developments such as locks, turning basins, and wharves were constructed to streamline maritime operations and facilitate cargo handling. The culmination of these endeavors came in 1914 with the completion of the Houston Ship Channel, a monumental achievement that revolutionized maritime transportation in the region. The newly accessible channel not only boosted trade efficiency but also positioned Houston as a major maritime hub on the Gulf Coast, attracting industries, businesses, and investment that fueled the city's economic growth and prosperity.
Geography and Infrastructure
Spanning approximately 50 miles, the Houston Ship Channel starts at the Turning Basin near the Port of Houston's terminals and extends to Galveston Bay. Its navigable width and depth allow for the passage of deep-draft vessels, including oil tankers, container ships, bulk carriers, and chemical tankers. The channel is equipped with modern navigational aids, including GPS navigation, radar systems, and communication networks, ensuring safe and efficient maritime operations.
Importance to Trade and Industry
The Houston Ship Channel plays a pivotal role in facilitating trade and commerce, handling a diverse range of cargoes essential to local, regional, and national economies. Key commodities transported through the channel include petroleum products, liquefied natural gas (LNG), chemicals, grains, steel, and consumer goods. The channel's strategic location near major refineries, petrochemical plants, manufacturing facilities, and distribution centers makes it a preferred route for imports and exports, contributing significantly to the nation's energy security and economic prosperity.
Environmental and Safety Considerations
While the Houston Ship Channel drives economic growth and industrial activity, environmental stewardship and safety remain paramount. The channel is subject to strict environmental regulations and monitoring programs to protect water quality, aquatic habitats, and wildlife. Initiatives such as sediment management, dredging protocols, and spill prevention measures are implemented to minimize environmental impact and ensure sustainable maritime operations. Safety measures, including vessel traffic management systems (VTMS), pilotage services, and emergency response capabilities, are in place to safeguard navigation and mitigate potential risks.
Economic Impact
The economic impact of the Houston Ship Channel extends across multiple sectors, generating employment, revenue, and business opportunities throughout the region. The channel supports a diverse workforce, including mariners, dockworkers, logistics professionals, engineers, and maritime service providers. Its connectivity to global markets enhances the competitiveness of industries such as energy, petrochemicals, manufacturing, agriculture, and trade, driving innovation, investment, and economic growth.
Future Development and Sustainability
Future development plans for the Houston Ship Channel focus on enhancing capacity, efficiency, and sustainability while maintaining environmental responsibility. These initiatives include infrastructure upgrades, such as deepening and widening the channel, modernizing terminal facilities, and implementing advanced technologies for smart navigation and port management. Sustainable practices, renewable energy integration, emissions reduction strategies, and ecological conservation efforts are integral to long-term planning, ensuring the channel's resilience and viability amid evolving economic and environmental challenges.
This expanded article provides a comprehensive overview of the Houston Ship Channel, encompassing its historical evolution, geographical features, economic significance, environmental considerations, safety measures, future development plans, and sustainability initiatives.
Overview
The channel is a widened and deepened natural watercourse created by dredging Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay.[2] The channel's upstream terminus lies about four miles east of downtown Houston, at the Turning Basin, with its downstream terminus at a gateway to the Gulf of Mexico, between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula.[3] Major products, such as petrochemicals and Midwestern grain, are transported in bulk together with general cargo. The original watercourse for the channel, Buffalo Bayou, has its headwaters Шаблон:Convert to the west of the city of Houston. The navigational head of the channel, the most upstream point to which general cargo ships can travel, is at Turning Basin in east Houston.[4]
The channel has numerous terminals and berthing locations along Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. The major public terminals include Turning Basin, Barbours Cut, and Bayport. Many private docks are there as well, including the ExxonMobil Baytown Complex and the Deer Park Complex.[5][6]
The channel, occasionally widened and deepened to accommodate ever-larger ships, is Шаблон:Convert wide by Шаблон:Convert deep by Шаблон:Convert long.[1] The islands in the ship channel are part of the ongoing widening and deepening project. The islands are formed from soil pulled up by dredging, and the salt marshes and bird islands are part of the Houston Port Authority's beneficial use and environmental mitigation responsibilities.[1]
The channel has five vehicle crossings: Washburn Tunnel, Sidney Sherman Bridge, Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge, popularly known as the Beltway 8 Bridge. Two Dollar bridge is another local nickname; Fred Hartman Bridge connecting La Porte and Baytown, Texas; and Lynchburg Ferry.
History
John Richardson Harris platted the town of Harrisburg, Texas on Buffalo Bayou at the mouth of Brays Bayou in 1826. He established a steam mill there, while making Harrisburg into a logistical center for the Austin's Colony. He plied his schooner The Rights of Man through the waters of Galveston Bay and Buffalo Bayou, importing supplies from the United States, and exporting cotton and hides. However, fewer people settled Buffalo Bayou than the fertile Brazos Valley, so Harrisburg remained a remote overland location from the critical mass of farmlands: about 20 miles from Fort Bend, Texas and about 40 miles from San Felipe de Austin, Texas. Travelling the Brazos River presented several hazards, most of all, its shifting, shallow sandbars at its mouth. Despite several interventions, the river remained hostile to navigation.[7] Nicholas Clopper acquired land downstream from Harrisburg, the eponymously named Clopper's Point. He recruited six men from Ohio to work as traders, who sailed the schooner Little Zoe from Cincinnati laden with supplies such as flour and spices, nails and other hardware, and whiskey and tobacco. Two of these hires were his sons, Edward and Joseph Clopper. They recorded their travels in a journal, reporting several hazards of Galveston Bay in route to Buffalo Bayou. They ran Little Zoe aground on Galveston Island and later observed two wrecked ships in the bay. They encountered the shallow Red Fish Bar, which they passed while dragging over it.[8]
The channel has been used to move goods to the sea since at least 1836. Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay were dredged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to accommodate larger ships. In the wake of the 1900 Galveston hurricane, the inland Port of Houston was seen as a safer long-term option, and planning for a larger ship channel began.[9] By the mid 1900s the Port of Houston had established itself as the leading port in Texas, eclipsing the natural harbors at Galveston and Texas City.[10] The Turning Basin terminal in Harrisburg (now part of Houston) became the port's largest shipping point.
On January 10, 1910, residents of Harris County voted 16 to 1 to fund dredging the Houston ship channel to a depth of 25 feet for the amount of $1,250,000, which was then matched by federal funds. On June 14, 1914 the first deepwater ship, steamship Satilla, arrived at the port of Houston, establishing steamboat service between New York City and Houston. On November 10, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson opened the Houston Ship Channel, part of the Port of Houston.[11] The onset of World War I and the first mechanized war's thirst for oil greatly increased use of the ship channel.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers increased the depth of the channel from 25 to 30 feet in 1922.[12]
In 1933, the United States Department of War and the United States House Committee on Rivers and Harbors approved a plan to increase the depth of the channel from 30 to 34 feet and widen the Galveston Bay section from 250 to 400 feet. The Public Works Administration provided $2,800,000 dollars for the project, which was completed in late 1935.[13]
The proximity to Texas oilfields led to the establishment of numerous petrochemical refineries along the waterway, such as the ExxonMobil Baytown installation on the eastern bank of the San Jacinto River. Now the channel and surrounding area support the second-largest petrochemical complex in the world.[14]
While much of the Houston Ship Channel is associated with heavy industry, an icon of Texas history is also located along its length. The San Jacinto Monument commemorates the Battle of San Jacinto (1836) in which Texas won its independence from Mexico. From 1948 to 2022, also along the channel's path was the museum ship Шаблон:USS. She saw service during both world wars, and is the oldest remaining example of a dreadnought-era battleship in existence.[15] In 2022, the USS Texas was permanently relocated from her berth along the channel.
The US Army's San Jacinto Ordnance Depot was located on the channel from 1941–1964.[16]
During World War II, two large shipyards produced side-by-side at the confluence of Greens Bayou: Todd Houston Shipbuilding built mostly Liberty Ships and Brown Shipbuilding built a substantial number of destroyer escorts, submarine chasers and amphibious landing craft.
Currently, the channel is dredged to a depth of 43–45 feet. The channel was designated a National Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1987.[14]
The "Texas chicken" maneuver [17] is known to mariners who regularly navigate large vessels on the Houston Ship Channel. Шаблон:Copyvio As two vessels approach from opposite directions, both normally turn to starboard to allow water displaced by their bows to move the ships away from each other and from the channel's centerline. After they pass, the suction of the displaced water flowing in behind the ships naturally pulls them back toward the center of the waterway.Шаблон:Copyvio/bottom
Pollution
On December 25, 2007, the Houston Ship Channel was featured on the CNN Special, Planet in Peril, as a potential polluter of nearby neighborhoods. That year, the University of Texas released a study suggesting that children living within Шаблон:Convert of the Houston Ship Channel were 56% more likely to become sick with leukemia than the national average.[18]
On March 22, 2014, a barge carrying nearly a million gallons of marine fuel oil collided with another ship in the Houston Ship Channel, causing the contents of one of the barge's 168,000-gallon tanks to leak into Galveston Bay.[19]
Gallery
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Drawing of ship at port 1859
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Drawing of ship at port 1859
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The Houston Ship Channel during its first opening in 1915
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Houston Ship Channel and foot of Main Street, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910)
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Yachts in the Houston Turning Basin, Houston (postcard, circa 1911)
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Ship Turning Basin, Buffalo River, Houston (postcard, circa 1914-1924)
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Cotton on the ship channel, Houston (circa, 1914)
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Mosaic tile mural at the Houston Ship Channel Visitor's Center - 2016
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Fireboat Howard T. Tellepsen in the Houston Channel (2006)
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USS Texas museum is in the Houston Ship Channel
See also
References
External links
- Шаблон:Handbook of Texas
- Time-lapse video of a barge navigating a length of the Houston Ship Channel at night
- See historical photographs of the Houston Ship Channel, the Houston community, and more at the University of Houston Digital Library
Шаблон:Texas ports Шаблон:Waters of Texas Шаблон:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA Шаблон:Texas Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Sibley (1968), pp. 15Шаблон:Endash17.
- ↑ Sibley (1968), pp. 17Шаблон:Endash19.
- ↑ Manny Fernandez and Richard Fausset, "A Storm Forces Houston, the Limitless City, to Consider Its Limits", The New York Times, 30 August 2017. Accessed 31 August 2017.
- ↑ Diana J. Kleiner, "GALVESTON COUNTY," Handbook of Texas Online, accessed August 30, 2014. Uploaded on September 19, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
- ↑ Houston History: INDUSTRY FOR WAR AND PEACE (1910-1920).
- ↑ Report of the Chief of Engineers U.S. Army 1922
- ↑ "A Detailed Description of the Port". Houston Port Book. May, 1935, pg 19.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Battleship Texas State Historic Site. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Accessed August 30, 2014.
- ↑ Carter Barcus, "SAN JACINTO ORDNANCE DEPOT," Handbook of Texas Online, accessed August 30, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
- ↑ NTSB, "Collision of the Tankship Elka Apollon With the Containership MSC Nederland Houston Ship Channel, Upper Galveston Bay, Texas October 29, 2011" page 20
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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