Английская Википедия:Hrubieszów revolution

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Шаблон:Infobox civilian attack Hrubieszów revolution (Шаблон:Lang-pl; Шаблон:Lang-uk) was a Polish-Ukrainian military conflict in the Chełm Land during the Second World War. In January and February 1944, the OUN-B and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) carried over to the Lublin region the anti-Polish action they had launched the previous year in Volhynia.Шаблон:Sfn In response, Polish units of the Home Army and the Peasant Battalions carried out the so-called "Hrubieszów Revolution" in March and early April 1944, retaliatory actions against Ukrainian civilians.Шаблон:Sfn This, in turn, led to the entry into the area of Ukrainian People's Self-Defense units, OUN-B units from Eastern Galicia, which resulted in the intensification of anti-Polish actions and the outbreak of a Polish-Ukrainian partisan war.Шаблон:Sfn It lasted until June 1944, when the region was garrisoned by strong Wehrmacht units preparing to fight the Red Army.Шаблон:Sfn

History

In March 1944, the Polish underground state carried out a large-scale anti-Ukrainian operation, which went down in history as the "Hrubieszów Revolution." The name was used by the Polish side as a collective definition of repressive, retaliatory measures against the Ukrainian population of Hrubieszów County.

It was initiated by the commander of the Home Army in the Hrubieszów region, Marian Gołębiewski, later one of the most ardent supporters of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, a participant in negotiations with the UPA. During March 10–11, Polish units attacked the villages of Andriyivka, Bereziv, Brest, Wereszyn, Laskiv, Malychi, Malkiv, Modryn, Myagke, Novosilky, Rzeplin, Sagryn, Stryzhyvets, Terebinets, Turkovychi, and Shikhovychi, burning them in whole or in part.

The anti-Ukrainian actions of the spring of 1944 in the Chełm region were not accidental, but planned. They were part of the Polish underground operation and attempts to block the spread of OUN and UPA influences. The Hrubieszów revolution aimed to cut off the Chełm region from Galicia, thus preventing the spread of the Ukrainian movement.

Polish-Ukrainian conflict

Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The conflict escalated in February and March of 1944 when Ukrainian partisan units and policemen carried out attacks on Polish civilians. The course of events in Małków on February 3, 8 or 13 was unclear. According to Polish studies, the "Ryś" unit prevented the unit of the 14th SS Grenadier Division from pacifying this village; but according to Ukrainian studies he committed crimes against 14 civilian Ukrainians. Grzegorz Motyka claims that both theses may be true. One of the biggest fights happened on 8 March when the Ukrainian 5th SS Police Regiment , supported by local members of the Ukrainian self-defense, attacked the village of Prehoryłe. They were repelled by the "Ryś" unit, which then set fire to the farms of the Ukrainians living in the village. On March 16-17, the "Ryś" unit fought a pacification group consisting of gendarmes, SS men and Ukrainian police from the UPA group "Jahody" (approx. 600 people strong), which attacked the village of Łasków, the colonies of Zabłocie and Małków; the unit was helped by the Home Army units of M. Olszak "Hardy" and A. Aleksandrov "Brawura"; the Ukrainians were defeated; 30 SS and UPA men were killed in the fight, 2 cars were burned and the villages were saved. On March 19, units of the 14th SS Grenadier Division, Ortschutz, Ukrainian police, partly Schupo and gendarmes (approximately 800 strong) began a large-scale operation against Basaj's battalion and the Home Army battalion under the command of Zenon Jachymek "Wiktor". when they surrounded one of Basaj's platoons in the village of Łasków, the main forces of the Basaj battalion and the "Wiktor" battalion rushed to help the surrounded people; "Ryś" drove out the enemy and captured the Mircze-Kryłów road; at the same time, the companies of "Czaruś" and "Wiktor" from the Home Army pushed the enemy away from the Sokal-Hrubieszów road and occupied Mircze. After achieving these goals, Polish partisans captured the last Ukrainian resistance points in the towns of Modryń , Modryniec and Masłomęcz ; in the third phase of operations, Ukrainian self-defense bases in the villages of Mieniany , Kozodawy , Cichobórz and Kosmów were attacked , completely displacing their crews; significant losses were inflicted on the Ukrainians. On March 28, the "Hałajda" unit attacked the village of Ostrów , where the attack was repelled by Poles who took shelter in a brick church. However, there were from a dozen to even 300 victims (Шаблон:Ill). The conflict in the Hrubieszów and Chełm regions ended in 1947.

The course of events and consequences

The Polish offensive was not limited to those days and lasted for the next few weeks. The document entitled "List of destruction of villages by Polish bandits in Hrubieszów region" states that for the period from March 10 to April 5, 36 Ukrainian villages were destroyed and 875 people were murdered. A review of the events of March–April 1944 states that "about 2,000 Ukrainian peasants, mostly women and children, were killed during the March actions in Poland." The Ukrainian Auxiliary Committee compiled lists of those killed in the spring of 1944 and was able to identify 1,283 victims killed between March 10 and May 10.

According to Igor Hałagida's findings, based on the data collected, at least 1,264 people were killed and eight were injured that day alone (March 10); 4 of them were fatal; the total number of wounded is not clearly established. The vast majority were peasants, and among all the victims there were as many as 502 women (495 killed, 4 mortally wounded and 3 wounded) and 292 children (291 killed and 1 wounded).Шаблон:Sfn

In the following days, the Polish action was continued in other villages of Hrubieszów County. Among others, on March 11, Andriyivka was attacked (32 killed, including 7 women and 12 children), on March 13, Kryliv (12 killed, including 3 women and 3 children), and once again Modryn (26 killed, including 12 women and 1 child), March 18 Zhabche (23 killed, including 11 women and 2 children), March 21 Berest (235 killed, 1 mortally wounded and 3 wounded; among those killed were 104 women and 50 children) and Vereshin (37 killed, of which 19 women and 2 children), on March 22 Lisky (62 killed, including at least 16 women and 9 children), and on April 2 Novosilky (148 people were killed, including 68 women and 18 children). In total, during the anti-Ukrainian action, the Polish underground burned at least 35 Ukrainian villages in Hrubieszów County (in whole or in part). Between March 9–10 and April 2, 1944, at least 1,969 Ukrainians were killed by non-Germans in one county alone, including at least 769 women and 348 children, 6 were mortally wounded, and only one Ukrainian died by the hands of the Ukrainian underground state.Шаблон:Sfn

At the end of March, the territory of Chełm Land had a terrible appearance. Here is how Volodymyr Levytsky, a representative of the UCC in Lublin, describes his impressions of what he saw in a letter dated April 1, 1944: Шаблон:Cquote

See also

• Sahryń massacre
• Attack on Hrubieszów
• Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany

Sources

• В'ятрович В. За лаштунками "Волині-43. Невідома польсько-українська війна. — Харків : Клуб сімейного дозвілля; Центр дослідження визвольного руху, 2016. — 304 с.
• Hałagida I. Ukrainskie straty osobowe w dystrykcie lubelskim (pażdziernik 1939 — lipiec 1944) — wstępna analiza materiału statystycznego // Pameęć i sprawiedliwość. Pismo naukowe poświęncone historii najnowszej. — Warszawa, 2017. — No. 1 (29). — S. 381–384. (пол.)
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal