Английская Википедия:Hti
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Contains special characters
Hti (Шаблон:MYname, Шаблон:IPA-my; Шаблон:Lang-mnw Шаблон:IPA-mnw; Shan: Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-shn), a Burmese language word meaning umbrella, is the name of the finial ornament that tops almost all Burmese pagodas.Шаблон:Sfn The umbrella is an auspicious symbol in Buddhism and Hinduism.
As regalia
In pre-colonial Burma, the hti was an indicator of social status and used exclusively by those who were granted express permission to do so. The royal white umbrella or hti phyu taw (Шаблон:My) was one of the five articles of coronation regalia (Шаблон:My, Min Mhyauk Tanza).Шаблон:Sfn
Use and possession of a royal white umbrella was limited exclusively to the Burmese king and his chief queen, while the highest officials (wun, Шаблон:My) and royal princes (including the Crown Prince or Uparaja) possessed golden umbrellas and lower-level officials possessed red umbrellas, if any.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The royal white umbrella was a sign of sovereignty.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, use of a white umbrella by any persons other than the king and his chief queen was regarded as a declaration of rebellion, punishable with immediate execution.Шаблон:Sfn At the death of the king, the royal white umbrellas in his possession were broken.Шаблон:Sfn The white umbrella was also permitted for religious usage.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, The Mahamuni Buddha was formerly shaded by a white umbrella.Шаблон:Sfn
The umbrellas were embellished inside and out with pictures of sylphs and fairies in gold, thin gold plates shaped like banyan leaves fastened to the top, and handles of gold adorned with pearls, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, corals and with spangles.Шаблон:Sfn The umbrella used by the king when riding an elephant or travelling by carriage was called a yin hti.Шаблон:Sfn
The number of umbrellas in one's possession was also an indication of social status, as they were showcased during public processions and put up in prominent places at home. The king was allotted nine white umbrellas, the crown prince eight golden ones, distinguished statesmen and military generals several golden ones, and the other royal personages had numbers corresponding to achievements or the king's regard to them.Шаблон:Sfn The royal white elephants (hsinphyudaw, Шаблон:My) were also granted six umbrellas, 2 white and 4 golden.Шаблон:Sfn
The Shwepon Nidan, a treatise on palace matters, describes 11 types of royal umbrellas and corresponding spirit maidens (nat thami, Шаблон:My) who guarded them:Шаблон:Sfn
Pathein hti
The Irrawaddy delta town of Pathein (formerly Bassein) in Lower Myanmar is renowned for its colorful cotton umbrellas, which are dubbed "Pathein umbrellas" or "Pathein parasols" (ပုသိမ်ထီး), which are traditionally made in home workshops.[1]
In pagodas
The hti can be said as the main distinctive feature of Burmese pagodas, as they are more prominent than their Sri Lankan counterparts, while the Laotian and Thai pagodas do not have any. The tip of the hti, which is studded with precious stones, is called the seinhpudaw (Шаблон:My; lit. "esteemed diamond bud"). Hti have been found on pagodas constructed by all four of the pagoda building ethnic groups of Myanmar: the Mon, the Bamar (Burmans), the Rakhine (Arakanese) and the Shan.
The hti is considered the most important part of the pagoda. A special ceremony being held for the placing of the hti on the pagoda is called hti tin pwe (Шаблон:My).
The hti is placed on the top of a pagoda and hung with a multitude of bells.Шаблон:Sfn The hti of prominent pagodas are often made entirely of gold or silver.Шаблон:Sfn The bells are used to attract the attention of good spirits in Tāvatiṃsa and other abodes of the devas of Mount Meru.Шаблон:Sfn
Examples
The htis of the temples of Bagan and Mrauk U, the two archeological treasure troves of Myanmar, are all made of stone, while the htis of the pagodas there and elsewhere around Myanmar are made of metal (usually iron or steel), coated with gold. The hti is then decorated with golden or gold-plated brass and bronze bells (Шаблон:My), and at jewelry donated by devotees.
The hti of the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon is about one and a half stories tall and contains about half a ton of gold.[2] The hti belongs to the magaik form,[3] and is set with over 5,500 diamonds, 2,300 rubies, sapphires and other gems, and 4,000 golden bells.[2] The older hti, donated by the penultimate King of Burma, Mindon Min, can be seen at a temple inside the middle platform (Шаблон:My or Шаблон:My) of the pagoda's compound. Said hti at Shwedagon is a gilt iron-work umbrella, on each of whose many rings hangs multitudes of gold and silver jewelled bells.Шаблон:Sfn It was presented by King Mindon Min and placed at a cost of not less than 50,000 British pounds.Шаблон:Sfn It was constructed by voluntary labor, using donated money and jewels.Шаблон:Sfn The vane and uppermost band are richly studded with jewels from all parts of Burma.Шаблон:Sfn
Gallery
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The hti of Botataung Pagoda.
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The hti of Kyaikhtiyo Pagoda.
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The old hti of the Myat Saw Brothers Pagoda in Taungoo.
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The current hti of Shwezigon Pagoda
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The old hti of Shwezigon Pagoda
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Htis of Shwe Indein Pagodas
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Shan-style htis
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Hti of Shwedagon Pagoda
Notes
References
See also
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