Английская Википедия:Hu (ritual baton)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Infobox Chinese A Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Zh-cp) is a flat scepter originating from China, where they were originally used as narrow tablets for recording notes and orders. They were historically used by officials throughout East Asia, including Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, and Vietnam. They are known as Шаблон:Transliteration in Japan, and are worn as part of the Шаблон:Transliteration ceremonial outfit. They continue to be used in Daoist and Shinto ritual contexts in some parts of East Asia.
Origin
The use of the Шаблон:Transliteration originated in ancient China, where the Classic of Rites required a Шаблон:Transliteration to have a length of two Шаблон:Transliteration six Шаблон:Transliteration, and its mid part a width of three Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang). Originally, the Шаблон:Transliteration was held by officials in court to record significant orders and instructions by the emperors.[1] From the Jin dynasty onwards, following the increased proliferation of paper, the Шаблон:Transliteration became a ceremonial instrument. In China, it was customary to hold the Шаблон:Transliteration with the broad end down and the narrow end up.
The Шаблон:Transliteration was originally used at court for the taking of notes and was usually made of bamboo. Officials could record speaking notes on the tablet ahead of the audience, and record the emperor's instructions during the audience. Likewise, the emperor could use one for notes during ceremonies.Шаблон:Citation needed
The Шаблон:Transliteration eventually became a ritual implement; it also became customary for officials to shield their mouths with their Шаблон:Transliteration when speaking to the emperor.Шаблон:Citation need
A Шаблон:Transliteration can be made of different material according to the holder's rank: sovereigns used jade (similar to, but not the same as, the ceremonial jade sceptre, Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang)), nobles used ivory, and court officials used bamboo.
A Шаблон:Transliteration is often seen in portraits of Chinese mandarins, but is now mostly used by Daoist priests (Шаблон:Transliteration). The Buddhist deity King Yama, judge of the underworld, is often depicted bearing a Шаблон:Transliteration.
Use in China
During the Tang dynasty, court etiquette required officials to wear the Шаблон:Transliteration in their belts when riding horses.[2] The chancellor was provided with a Шаблон:Transliteration rack, which was carried into the palace. After an audience, the Шаблон:Transliteration could be left on the rack. Lesser officials had Шаблон:Transliteration bags, which were held by their attendants.[3] During the early Tang dynasty, Mandarins of the fifth rank or above used ivory Шаблон:Transliteration, while those below used wooden ones. The rules were further elaborated later to require that mandarins of the third rank or above used Шаблон:Transliteration which were curved at the front and straight at the back, while those of the fifth rank or above used Шаблон:Transliteration which were curved at the front and angled at the back. The Шаблон:Transliteration used by lower rank mandarins were made of bamboo and were angled at the top and square at the bottom. In the Ming dynasty, Mandarins of the fourth rank or above used ivory Шаблон:Transliteration, while those of the fifth rank or below used wooden ones.[4]
The Шаблон:Transliteration fell out of use in the Imperial Court system during the Qing dynasty. The greater ceremonial deference demanded by Qing emperors meant that officials had to greet the emperor by kowtowing, making it impractical to carry the Шаблон:Transliteration to an audience.
In contemporary times, the Шаблон:Transliteration is mostly used by as part of the traditional outfit of Шаблон:Transliteration during formal and ceremonial functions such as the performing of rites.
Use in Japan
The standard reading in Japanese for the character used to write Шаблон:Transliteration is Шаблон:Transliteration, but as this is also one of the readings for the character Шаблон:Nihongo3, it is avoided and considered bad luck.[5] The character's unusual pronunciation seems to derive from the fact the baton is approximately one Шаблон:Transliteration (an old unit of measurement equivalent to Шаблон:Convert) in length.[5]
A Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Nihongo is a baton or scepter about Шаблон:Convert long, held vertically in the right hand, and was traditionally part of a nobleman's formal attire (the Шаблон:Transliteration.[6] Today, the Шаблон:Transliteration is mostly used by Shinto priests during official and ceremonial functions, not only when wearing the Шаблон:Transliteration but when wearing other types of formal clothing such as the Шаблон:Transliteration, the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo.[5][6] The emperor's Шаблон:Transliteration is roughly square at both ends, whereas a retainer's is rounded at the top and square at the bottom.[7] Both become progressively narrow towards the bottom.[7] Oak is considered the best material for the Шаблон:Transliteration, followed in order by holly, cherry, Шаблон:Transliteration, and Japanese cedar.[7]
The Шаблон:Transliteration originally had a strip of paper attached to the back containing instructions and memoranda for the ceremony or event about to take place, but it later evolved into a purely ceremonial implement meant to add solemnity to rituals.[5] According to the Taihō Code, a set of administrative laws implemented in the year 701, nobles of the fifth rank and above had to use an ivory Шаблон:Transliteration, while those below that rank were to use oak, Japanese yew, holly, cherry, sakaki, Japanese cedar, or other woods.[5][6] Ivory, however, was too hard to obtain, and the law was changed.[7] The Шаблон:Transliteration, a Japanese book of laws and regulations written in 927, permits to all the use of Шаблон:Transliteration of unfinished wood, except when wearing special ceremonial clothes called Шаблон:Nihongo.[5][6] The Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration is usually made of woods like Japanese yew, holly, cherry, Шаблон:Transliteration, or Japanese cedar.[5] The Шаблон:Transliteration is often seen in portraits of the Japanese Шаблон:Transliteration, emperors, nobleman, and Shinto priests (Шаблон:Transliteration).
Gallery
See also
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- Ruyi (scepter)
- Шаблон:Transliteration
References
Шаблон:Types of Han Chinese clothing Шаблон:Writing Шаблон:Shinto shrine Шаблон:Sister bar
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Iwanami Kōjien 広辞苑 Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite web
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