Английская Википедия:Hua Tuo
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox person Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox Chinese
Hua Tuo (Шаблон:Circa 140–208), courtesy name Yuanhua, was a Chinese physician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty.Шаблон:Sfnp The historical texts Records of the Three Kingdoms and Book of the Later Han record Hua Tuo as the first person in China to use anaesthesia during surgery. He used a general anaesthetic combining wine with a herbal concoction called mafeisan (Шаблон:Lang; literally "cannabis boil powder"). Besides being respected for his expertise in surgery and anaesthesia, Hua Tuo was famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine and medical daoyin exercises. He developed the Wuqinxi (Шаблон:Lang; literally "Exercise of the Five Animals") from studying movements of the tiger, deer, bear, ape and crane.
Historical accounts
The oldest extant biographies of Hua TuoШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp are found in the official Chinese histories for the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220) and Three Kingdoms period (220-280) of China. The third-century historical text Records of Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) and fifth-century historical text Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu) record that Hua Tuo was from Qiao County (Шаблон:Lang), Pei Commandery (Шаблон:Lang), which is in present-day Bozhou, Anhui, and that he studied Chinese classics throughout Xu Province (covering parts of present-day Jiangsu and Shandong provinces). He refused employment offers from high-ranking officials (e.g. Chen Gui) and chose to practise medicine.
The dates of Hua Tuo's life are uncertain. Estimations range from 110 to 207,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp and from 190 to 265Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp conclude that the "best estimate" is circa 145-208. Hua Tuo was an older contemporary of the physician Zhang Zhongjing (150-219).
The name Hua Tuo combines the Chinese surname Hua (Шаблон:Linktext, literally "magnificent; China") with the uncommon Chinese given name Tuo (Шаблон:Linktext literally "hunchback" or Шаблон:Linktext literally "steep hill"). He was also known as Hua Fu (Шаблон:Linktext; literally "apply [powder/ointment/etc.]"), and his courtesy name was Yuanhua (Шаблон:Linktext; literally "primal transformation").
Medical techniques
Some scholarsШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp believe that he was responsible for the development of pressure points used in Chinese Martial arts. Victor H. Mair describes him as "many hundreds of years ahead of his time in medical knowledge and practice". Шаблон:Sfnp
Hua Tuo's biography in the Sanguozhi describes him as resembling a Daoist xian (Шаблон:Lang; "immortal") and details his medical techniques. Шаблон:Blockquote
Hua Tuo's biography in the Houhanshu explains this mafeisan "numbing boiling powder" decoction was dissolved in jiu (Шаблон:Linktext; literally "alcoholic beverage; wine"). His prescription for mafeisan anaesthetic liquor was lost or destroyed, along with all of his writings. The Book of Sui lists five medical books attributed to Hua Tuo and his disciples, but none are extant.Шаблон:Sfnp
Chen Deng
The subsequent portion of Hua Tuo's biography in the SanguozhiШаблон:Sfnp lists 16 medical cases: ten internal medicine, three surgical, two gynaecological, and one paediatric case. Hua Tuo's treatment of diseases was centred on internal medicine, but also included surgery, gynaecology and paediatrics. He removed parasites, performed abortions and treated ulcers, sores and analgesia.Шаблон:Sfnp For example: Шаблон:Blockquote
Cao Cao and execution
Cao Cao (155-220), a warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Han dynasty and laid the foundation for the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period, is probably Hua Tuo's best known patient. He suffered from chronic headaches, which were possibly caused by a brain tumour. Шаблон:Blockquote Cao Cao's condition has also been translated as "migraine headaches accompanied by mental disturbance and dizziness" and the acupuncture point on the sole as identified as Yongquan (Шаблон:Lang; "bubbling fountain").Шаблон:Sfnp
Cao Cao ordered Hua Tuo to be his personal physician – a job Hua Tuo resented. Шаблон:Blockquote In order to avoid treating Cao Cao, Hua Tuo repeatedly made excuses that his wife was ill, but Cao Cao discovered the deception and ordered Hua Tuo's execution. Xun Yu, one of Cao Cao's advisers, pleaded for mercy on behalf of the physician. Шаблон:Blockquote
Hua Tuo wrote down his medical techniques while awaiting execution, but destroyed his Qing Nang Shu (Шаблон:Lang; literally "green bag book", which became a Classical Chinese term for "medical practices text"). Шаблон:Blockquote This loss to traditional Chinese medicine was irreplaceable. Ilza Veith notes that, "Unfortunately, Hua T'o's works were destroyed; his surgical practices fell into disuse, with the exception of his method of castration, which continued to be practised. Due to the religious stigma attached to the practice of surgery, the social position accorded to the surgeon became increasingly lower and thus made a revival of Chinese surgery impossible."Шаблон:Sfnp
A Liezi legend claims that the renowned physician Bian Que (Шаблон:Circa 500 BCE) used anaesthesia to perform a double heart transplantation, but the fourth-century text was compiled after Hua Tuo used mafeisan.Шаблон:Sfnp
Cao Cao later regretted executing Hua Tuo when his son Cao Chong (196–208), a child prodigy who may have independently discovered and used Archimedes' principle, died from illness. Шаблон:Blockquote The Sanguozhi does not specify Hua Tuo's exact date of death, but since Cao Chong died in 208, Hua Tuo could not have lived past that year.
Disciples: Wu Pu and Fan A
Hua Tuo's biography ends with accounts of his disciples Wu Pu (Шаблон:Lang) and Fan A (Шаблон:Lang). Шаблон:Blockquote Fan A was skilled at acupuncture and inserted the needles to extraordinary depths. Victor H. Mair notes this unusual name may indicate Fan A was a foreigner, and this area was around present-day Tongshan County, Jiangsu, the "location of the first known Buddhist community in China".Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Blockquote These herbs are qiye (Шаблон:Lang; Toxicodendron vernicifluum leaves) and qingdian (Шаблон:Lang; Sigesbeckia orientalis).
Legacy
The Song dynasty Confucianist scholar Ye Mengde (1077–1148) criticised the Sanguozhi and Houhanshu biographies of Hua Tuo as being mythological. His "Physicians Cannot Raise the Dead" essay repeated the descriptions of Hua Tuo using anaesthesia to perform internal surgery, and reasoned, Шаблон:Blockquote
In later times, a set of 34 paravertebral acupuncture points was named "Hua Tuo Jiaji" (Шаблон:Lang) in his honour. Hua Tuo is considered a shenyi (Шаблон:Lang, "divine physician") and is worshipped as a medicinal Deity or immortal in some Chinese temples. "Hua Tuo zaishi" (Шаблон:Lang; "Hua Tuo reincarnated") is also an honourable term of respect that will be bestowed to a highly-skilled physician.
Fictional accounts
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo heals the general Guan Yu, who is hit by a poisoned arrow in the arm during the Battle of Fancheng in 219. Hua Tuo offers to anaesthetise Guan Yu, but he simply laughs and says that he is not afraid of pain. Hua Tuo uses a knife to cut the flesh from Guan Yu's arm and scrape the poison from the bone, and the sounds strike fear into all those who heard them. During this excruciating treatment, Guan Yu continues to play a game of weiqi with Ma Liang without flinching from pain. When Ma Liang asks him later, Guan Yu says that he feigned being unhurt to keep the morale of his troops high. After Hua Tuo's successful operation, Guan Yu allegedly rewards him with a sumptuous banquet, and offers a gift of 100 ounces of gold, but Hua Tuo refuses, saying that a physician's duty is to heal patients and not to make profit. Although Hua Tuo historically died in 208, a decade before Guan Yu fought at the Battle of Fancheng, this story of him performing surgery on Guan Yu has become a popular artistic theme.
- The historical document Sanguozhi recorded that there were actually a bone surgery performed on Guan Yu, and Guan Yu indeed showed no painful expression. Sanguozhi neither told the name of the surgeon nor the time of the operation, though.[1]
Hua Tuo is later summoned by Cao Cao to cure a chronic excruciating pain in his head, which turns out to be due to a brain tumour. Hua Tuo tells Cao Cao that in order to remove the tumor, it would be necessary to open up the brain by cutting open the head, getting the tumor out, and sewing it back, with Cao Cao completely anesthesized in the process. However, Cao Cao suspects that Hua Tuo is planning to murder him so he has Hua Tuo arrested and imprisoned. (Cao Cao's suspicions are in part due to a previous attempt by Ji Ping, an imperial physician, to force him to consume poisoned medicine.)
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo passes his Qing Nang Shu to a prison guard so that his medical legacy will live on. He dies in prison later. The prison guard's wife burnt the book for fear of being implicated, but the guard manages to salvage some pages, which are about how to emasculate hen and ducks; the other pages are lost forever.
The webcomic I Reincarnated as a Legendary Surgeon (also translated as The Divine Surgeon) recounts a fictional, alternate history of Hua Tuo's life, in which the protagonist reincarnates into his life and treats people using modern medicine.
Mafeisan
Hua Tuo's innovative anaesthetic mafeisan (literally "cannabis boiling powder", considered to be the first anesthetic in the world[2][3]), which was supposedly used on Hua Tuo's patients during surgery, is a long-standing mystery. The Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han both credit him as creating this anesthetic during the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, no written record or ingredients of the original have been found, although estimations have been made by Chinese medical practitioners in later periods of time. There is controversy over the historical existence of mafeisan in Chinese literature.[4]
The name mafeisan combines ma (Шаблон:Linktext; "cannabis; hemp; numbed"), fei (Шаблон:Linktext; "boiling; bubbling") and san (Шаблон:Linktext; "break up; scatter; medicine in powder form"). Ma can mean "cannabis; hemp" and "numbed; tingling" (e.g. mazui Шаблон:Lang "anesthetic; narcotic"), which is semantically "derived from the properties of the fruits and leaves, which were used as infusions for medicinal purposes".Шаблон:Sfnp
Modern Standard Chinese mafei is reconstructed as Old Chinese *mrâipəts, Late Han Chinese maipus (during Hua Tuo's life), and Middle Chinese mapjwəi.Шаблон:Sfnp
Many sinologists and scholars of traditional Chinese medicine have guessed at the anaesthetic components of mafei powder. Frederick P. Smith contends that Hua Tuo, "the Machaon of Chinese historical romance", used yabulu (Шаблон:Lang; "Mandragora officinarum") rather than huoma (Шаблон:Lang; "cannabis") and mantuolo (Шаблон:Lang; "Datura stramonium", nota bene, Hua's given name "Tuo") "infused in wine, and drunk as a stupefying medicine".Шаблон:Sfnp
Herbert Giles (1897:323) translates mafeisan as "hashish";Шаблон:Sfnp and his son Lionel Giles identifies "hemp-bubble-powder" as "something akin to hashish or bhang".Шаблон:Sfnp Ilza Veith quotes the sinologist Erich Hauer's "opinion that ma-fei (Шаблон:Lang) means opium".Шаблон:Sfnp Victor H. Mair notes that mafei "appears to be a transcription of some Indo-European word related to "morphine"".Шаблон:Sfnp Although Friedrich Sertürner first isolated morphine from opium in 1804, Mair suggests, "It is conceivable that some such name as morphine was already in use before as a designation for the anaesthetic properties of this opium derivative or some other naturally occurring substance." Wang Zhenguo and Chen Ping find consensus among "scientists of later generations" that mafei contained yangjinhua (Шаблон:Lang; "Datura stramonium") and wutou (Шаблон:Lang; "rhizome of Aconitum, Chinese monkshood") or caowu (Шаблон:Lang; "Aconitum kusnezofflin; Kusnezoff monkshood").Шаблон:Sfnp
Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham suggest Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by acupuncture, "quite apart from the stupefying potions for which he became so famous – if so he kept it to himself and his immediate disciples so that the secret did not survive".Шаблон:Sfnp
See also
References
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External links
- Hua Tuo, Subhuti Dharmananda
- Hua Tuo: A miraculous healer in ancient China Шаблон:Webarchive, Association for Asian Research
- A Brief Biography of Hua TuoШаблон:Dead link, John Chen
- Shifu Alan Tinnion - Five Animal Frolics Hua Tuo Nei Gong 華 佗 內 功
Шаблон:Cannabis in China Шаблон:Han Dynasty topics Шаблон:History of medicine in China
- ↑ Sanguozhi. Chen Shou, annotated by Pei Songzhi. Vol. 2: Records of Shu. Biography of Guan Yu.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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