Английская Википедия:Hughes Medal

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English

Файл:HughesMedal.jpg
Avers of Hughes Medal
Файл:Jj-thomson3.jpg
J. J. Thomson, who won the first Hughes Medal in 1902

The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London "in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications".[1] Named after David E. Hughes, the medal is awarded with a gift of £1000. The medal was first awarded in 1902 to J. J. Thomson "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases", and has since been awarded over one-hundred times. Unlike other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same individual more than once.

The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles",[2] in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory",[2] in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine "for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan "for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals".[2]

List of recipients

Source: Royal Society

Year Name Rationale Notes
1902 Шаблон:Sortname "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases" [3]
1903 Шаблон:Sortname "for his long continued experimental researches on the electric discharge in liquids and gases" [4]
1904 Шаблон:Sortname "for his invention of the incandescent lamp, and his other inventions and improvements in the practical applications of electricity" [5]
1905 Шаблон:Sortname "for his experimental researches in electrical science, including electric vibrations" [6]
1906 Шаблон:Sortname "for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples" [7]
1907 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to exact physical measurement" [8]
1908 Шаблон:Sortname "for his discoveries on the nature of electric discharge in rarefied gasses" [9]
1909 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches on electrical standards" [10][11]
1910 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches in electricity and electrical measurements" [12]
1911 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on nuclei in dust-free air, and his work on ions in gases and atmospheric electricity" [13]
1912 Шаблон:Sortname "for his investigations in technical electricity" [14]
1913 Шаблон:Sortname "for his share in the invention of the telephone, and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver" [15]
1914 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches on electric induction in gases" [16]
1915 Шаблон:Sortname "for his important contributions to, and pre-eminent position in, electrical science" [17]
1916 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches in experimental electricity" [18]
1917 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches in connexion with X-ray radiation" [19]
1918 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches in molecular physics" [20]
1919 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches in terrestrial magnetism" [21]
1920 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work in experimental physics, and especially thermionics" [22]
1921 Шаблон:Sortname "for his research in theoretical physics" [23]
1922 Шаблон:Sortname "for his discovery of isotopes of a large number of the elements by the method of positive rays" [24]
1923 Шаблон:Sortname "for his determination of the electronic charge and of other physical constants" [25]
1924 zzzznot awarded  —
1925 Шаблон:Sortname "for his determination of fundamental electrical units and for researches in technical electricity" [26]
1926 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneer work in the scientific investigations of radiotelegraphy and its application to navigation" [27]
1927 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on the X-rays and the development of highly efficient apparatus for their production" [28]
1928 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on X-ray spectra" [29]
1929 Шаблон:Sortname "for his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles" [30]
1930 Шаблон:Sortname "for his studies on the abnormal scattering of light" [31]
1931 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneer work on the elucidation of crystal structure by X-ray analysis" [32]
1932 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches on radioactivity" [33]
1933 Шаблон:Sortname "for his researches into the effect of the Heaviside layer upon the transmission of wireless signals" [34]
1934 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work as a physicist and technician on long-wave X-rays" [35]
1935 Шаблон:Sortname "for his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals" [36]
1936 Шаблон:Sortname "for his discovery of the Schrot Effect in thermionic emission and his invention of the screen-grid tetrode and a superheterodyne method of receiving wireless signals" [37]
1937 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on the development of the cyclotron and its application to investigations of nuclear disintegration" [38]
1938 Шаблон:Sortname and Шаблон:Sortname "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles" [39]
1939 Шаблон:Sortname "for his important discoveries in connexion with the diffraction of electrons by matter" [40]
1940 Шаблон:Sortname "for his discovery of the Compton Effect; and for his work on cosmic rays" [41]
1941 Шаблон:Sortname "for his fertile application of the principles of quantum theory to many branches of physics, especially in the fields of nuclear and collision theory, in the theory of metals and in the theory of photographic emulsions" [42]
1942 Шаблон:Sortname "for his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter, his work in quantum theory, and his experimental studies of the neutron"
1943 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work in nuclear physics and mastery of methods of generating and applying high potentials" [43]
1944 Шаблон:Sortname "for his fundamental contributions to the study of the structure and properties of surfaces, and for his important work on the electrical ignition of gases" [44]
1945 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on atmospheric electricity and of other physical researches" [45]
1946 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished researches into fluorescent materials and into the production of high frequency electro-magnetic radiation"
1947 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to nuclear physics, particularly the discovery of artificial radioactivity and of neutron emission in the fission process" [46]
1948 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to atmospheric physics and to the development of radar"
1949 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work on the photography of particle tracks, and in connexion with the discovery of mesons and their transformation" [47]
1950 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to theoretical physics in general and to the development of quantum mechanics in particular" [48]
1951 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work on the quantum theory, particularly its application to the optical and magnetic properties of matter"
1952 Шаблон:Sortname "particularly for his distinguished studies on the disintegration of atomic nuclei, particularly those using the Wilson cloud chamber technique"
1953 Шаблон:Sortname "for his important contributions to the development, both theoretical and experimental, of the physics of the Earth" [49]
1954 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished and original experimental researches in radio astronomy" [50]
1955 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to atomic and molecular physics, particularly in regard to collisions involving the production and recombination of ions"
1956 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work in many fields: the melting point formula and theory of specific heats; ionisation of stars; meteors and temperature inversion in the stratosphere" [51]
1957 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work on dynamical oceanography" [52]
1958 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to many branches of classical physics"
1959 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions in the field of low temperature physics"
1960 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy both in the study of solar and of cosmic ray emission"
1961 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work on the physical properties of metals, particularly in relation to mechanical deformation and to the effects of irradiation" [53]
1962 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished studies of electrical and magnetic phenomena and their correlation with atomic and molecular properties" [54]
1963 Шаблон:Sortname "for distinguished work on early computers"
1964 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to quantum mechanics and the theory of fundamental particles" [55]
1965 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigation in nuclear structure and high energy physics"
1966 Шаблон:Sortname "for his numerous discoveries of major importance in theoretical nuclear physics which he has made" [56]
1967 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to cryophysics, especially his discoveries in superconductivity and superfluidity" [57]
1968 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished fundamental work in theoretical physics, and especially on quantum electrodynamics" [58]
1969 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work in low-temperature physics and in thermodynamics" [59]
1970 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to theoretical atomic and molecular physics and its applications to atmospheric physics, plasma physics and astrophysics" [60]
1971 Шаблон:Sortname "Robert Hanbury Brown, for his distinguished work in developing a new form of stellar interfrometerШаблон:Sic, culminating in his observations of alpha virginis" [61]
1972 Шаблон:Sortname "particularly for his discovery of the remarkable properties of junctions between superconducting materials" [62]
1973 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to the development of the electron microscope thin film technique for the study of crystal defects and its application to a very wide range of problems in materials science and metallurgy" [63]
1974 Шаблон:Sortname "for his outstanding contributions to cosmic ray and elementary particle physics" [64]
1975 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to the theory of the basic particles of matter" [65]
1976 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished contributions to the application of general relativity to astrophysics, especially to the behaviour of highly condensed matter" [66]
1977 Шаблон:Sortname "for his outstanding contributions to radioastronomy, including the discovery and identification of pulsars" [67]
1978 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneering contributions to the science of X-ray crystallography, in which his work has made a profound impact on its development and application, and for his original contributions to lattice dynamics and its relation to phase transitions, which stimulated a new and fruitful field of results" [68]
1979 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished studies of the conformations of computer molecules in solution by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance" [69]
1980 Шаблон:Sortname "for his ultra-precise measurements of the muon magnetic moment, a severe test of quantum electrodynamics and of the nature of the muon"
1981 Шаблон:Sortname and Шаблон:Sortname "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory" [70]
1982 Шаблон:Sortname and Шаблон:Sortname "for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" [71]
1983 Шаблон:Sortname "for his highly influential and original contributions to quantum field theory, particularly the Ward identity and the Salam-Ward theory of weak interactions" [72]
1984 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work on relativity, especially for his discovery of the so-called Kerr Black Hole, which has been very influential" [73]
1985 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to theoretical particle and nuclear physics, and his discovery that particle-like entities simulating the properties of baryons can occur in non-linear meson field theories"
1986 Шаблон:Sortname "for the creation of algorithms including MULTAN and SAYTAN which are used world-wide to solve the majority of reported crystal structures"
1987 Шаблон:Sortname "for his many important experimental investigations into the fundamental properties of semiconductors especially low-dimensional systems, where he has elucidated some of their unusual properties like electron localization and the Quantum Hall effects"
1988 Шаблон:Sortname and Шаблон:Sortname "for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals"
1989 Шаблон:Sortname "for his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the structure and interpretation of quantum theory, in particular demonstrating the unique nature of its predictions" [74]
1990 Шаблон:Sortname "for his fundamental contributions to theoretical astrophysics including seminal theoretical studies of the role of electromagnetic induction in cosmic systems" [75]
1991 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions in three main areas of science — nuclear physics, the discovery of gamma-ray resonances, and the use of colliding molecular beams to study chemical reactions" [76]
1992 Шаблон:Sortname "for his theoretical research in atomic physics and leadership of the Opacity Project" [72]
1993 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneering use of resonant scattering techniques to make extremely precise measures of Doppler velocity shifts in the solar photosphere" [77]
1994 Шаблон:Sortname "for his many contributions to solid-state physics, in particular his ingenious and technically demanding experiment which verified the Ahoronov-Bohm effect concerning the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic fields"
1995 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work on the electronic structure of solids, in particular by exploiting low temperature techniques, particularly the De Haas Van Alphen effect, defining the Fermi surface of many metals"
1996 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to chemical physics, in particular to long-range intermolecular forces, non-linear optics, problems related to the polarizability of the helium atom, the interpretation of NMR spectra, and the applications of ab initio computations" [78]
1997 Шаблон:Sortname "for his fundamental work on X-ray diffraction physics and for his developments of the techniques of X-ray topography, in particular in studying defects in crystal structures" [79]
1998 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrodynamics of rotating fluids and the application of such basic studies to the understanding of motions in the atmosphere and interiors of the major planets" [80]
1999 Шаблон:Sortname "for his landmark discoveries concerning the nature of active galactic nuclei, the physics of the intergalactic medium and of the interstellar gas in primordial galaxies. He is noted also for his exceptional contributions to the development of astronomical instrumentation including the Image Photon Counting System, a revolutionary electronic area detector for the detection of faint sources, which gave a major impetus to optical astronomy in the United Kingdom" [81]
2000 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to the field of materials chemistry, in particular, in relation to studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal oxides and high temperature superconductors. His work has been an inspiration to a generation of Indian scientists" [82]
2001 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to the field of nanometre and atomic scale mechanics. He invented and developed the technique of nanoindentation thereby revolutionising the mechanical characterisation of ultra-small volumes of materials. This has had a major influence on those industries concerned with thin film and coating technologies" [83]
2002 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to the theory of atomic and molecular process, and in particular its application to astrophysics. His studies of energy depositions provide the key to understanding emissions from terrestrial aurorae, planetary atmospheres and comets"
2003 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished work as a solid state chemist. He has made seminal contributions to fields including superconductivity and the behaviour of metal nanoparticles, and has greatly advanced our understanding of the phenomenology of the metal-insulator transition" [84]
2004 Шаблон:Sortname "for his outstanding research, leading the world in the invention, building and development of innovative new Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID), in their theory and in their application to a plethora of fundamental problems and their investigative tools"
2005 Шаблон:Sortname "for his contributions to the understanding of magnetohydrodynamics, especially to the mechanisms determining how magnetic fields can develop from a low background level to substantial amplitude" [85]
2006 Шаблон:Sortname "for his work in the fundamental physics of electron transport and the creation of practical electronic devices which can be deployed in advanced systems"
2007 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneering work on quantum cryptography and his many important contributions to the theory of quantum computation and other branches of quantum physics" [86]
2008 Шаблон:Sortname "for her innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System"
2009 zzzzno award  —
2010 Шаблон:Sortname "for his revolutionary discovery of graphene, and elucidation of its remarkable properties"
2011 Шаблон:Sortname "for his influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures"
2013 Шаблон:Sortname "for his pioneering development of inkjet printing processes for organic semiconductor devices, and dramatic improvement of their functioning and efficiency"
2015 Шаблон:Sortname "for many outstanding contributions to our understanding of the early Universe"
2017 Шаблон:Sortname "for distinguished work elucidating the fundamental chemistry underpinning energy storage"
2018 Шаблон:Sortname "for his distinguished photochemical studies for the design solar energy devices"
2019 Шаблон:Sortname "for the design and synthesis of new classes of organic materials with applications in energy storage, energy production and energy-efficient separations"
2020 Шаблон:Sortname "for her pioneering work on the development and application of new characterization methodology to develop fundamental insight into how batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells operate. "
2021 Шаблон:Sortname "for the introduction of new concepts in Energy Materials science, including novel ionic conductors, electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells, alternative batteries and emergent nanomaterials. "
2022 Шаблон:Sortname "for outstanding contributions to the deeper understanding of atomistic processes in new materials for use in energy applications, especially those related to lithium batteries and perovskite solar cells. "
2023 Шаблон:Sortname "for pioneering new concepts and solar technologies for the production of sustainable fuels and chemicals from carbon dioxide, biomass and plastic waste. "

See also

References

General
Specific

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:RoySoc

Шаблон:Featured list

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. Шаблон:Cite news
  4. Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. Шаблон:Cite news
  6. Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. Шаблон:Cite web
  8. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  9. Шаблон:Cite book
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite book
  12. Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. Шаблон:Cite book
  16. Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. Шаблон:Cite book
  18. Шаблон:Cite book
  19. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  20. Шаблон:Cite book
  21. Шаблон:Cite book
  22. Шаблон:Cite book
  23. Шаблон:Cite book
  24. Шаблон:Cite book
  25. Шаблон:Cite book
  26. Шаблон:Cite book
  27. Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. Шаблон:Cite book
  30. Шаблон:Cite book
  31. Шаблон:Cite book
  32. Шаблон:Cite book
  33. Шаблон:Cite book
  34. Шаблон:Cite book
  35. Шаблон:Cite book
  36. Шаблон:Cite book
  37. Шаблон:Cite book
  38. Шаблон:Cite book
  39. Шаблон:Cite book
  40. Шаблон:Cite book
  41. Шаблон:Cite book
  42. Шаблон:Cite book
  43. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  44. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  45. Шаблон:Cite web
  46. Шаблон:Cite web
  47. Шаблон:Cite web
  48. Шаблон:Cite web
  49. Шаблон:Cite web
  50. Шаблон:Cite web
  51. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  52. Шаблон:Cite web Шаблон:Dead link
  53. Шаблон:Cite journal
  54. Шаблон:Cite news
  55. Шаблон:Cite web
  56. Шаблон:Cite news Шаблон:Dead link
  57. Шаблон:Cite web
  58. Шаблон:Cite web
  59. Шаблон:Cite web
  60. Шаблон:Cite web
  61. Шаблон:Cite web
  62. Шаблон:Cite web
  63. Шаблон:Cite web
  64. Шаблон:Cite web
  65. Шаблон:Cite journal
  66. Шаблон:Cite book
  67. Шаблон:Cite book
  68. Шаблон:Cite journal
  69. Шаблон:Cite book
  70. Шаблон:Cite book
  71. Шаблон:Cite book
  72. 72,0 72,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  73. Шаблон:Cite journal
  74. Шаблон:Cite book
  75. Шаблон:Cite book
  76. Шаблон:Cite book
  77. Шаблон:Cite news
  78. Шаблон:Cite web
  79. Шаблон:Cite news
  80. Шаблон:Cite web
  81. Шаблон:Cite web
  82. Шаблон:Cite news
  83. Шаблон:Cite news
  84. Шаблон:Cite web
  85. Шаблон:Cite web
  86. Шаблон:Cite web