Английская Википедия:Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

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The accusation of the use of human shields is a common theme in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Both the Israel Defense Forces (IDF),Шаблон:Sfn and Palestinian militant groupsШаблон:Sfn (including HamasШаблон:Sfn) have used civilians as human shields to discourage the opposing side from attacking. Many activists have often voluntarily used themselves as human shields to stop Israeli violence against Palestinians: these include the International Solidarity Movement,Шаблон:Sfn and Israeli leftists.[1]

The Israeli Defense Forces have been documented to use Palestinians as human shields. Examples of this include: IDF soldiers putting Palestinian civilians in front of them or otherwise putting civilians in the line of fire,[2] and forcing Palestinians to remove suspicious objects (possible explosives).[2] IDF soldiers also force Palestinian civilians to walk through suspected booby-trapped buildings. Israel also formerly employed the "neighbor procedure" in which Palestinian civilians were forced to attempt to persuade wanted individuals to surrender themselves to the IDF.Шаблон:Sfn The latter practice was defended by the Israeli defense ministry, but prohibited in 2005 by the Israeli Supreme Court,Шаблон:Sfn though there have been accusations of its employment even after the ruling.Шаблон:Sfn[3] During the 2009 invasion of Gaza, IDF reportedly used Palestinian families (both adult and children) as human shields.[4][5]

Hamas has also been accused of using human shields strategically by NATO,[6][7] the UN,[8] EU,[9] US,[10][11] Israel, and several European countries.[12] This strategy has included launching rockets and positioning military infrastructure in civilian areas, and aimed at exploiting Israel's efforts to minimize civilian casualties and Western public opinion, has been observed in various conflicts, including the 2008, 2014, and 2023 Israel-Hamas wars. This tactic of human shields has been cited as a form of 'lawfare' by NATO, utilizing legal and public platforms to challenge adversaries,[6] and has been offered as an explanation for Israel's attacks on civilian infrastructure.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Human rights organizations have however found the accusations against Hamas in past conflicts to have been unfounded, with Amnesty International saying it had found no evidence of human shielding by Hamas in the 2008-2009 war and the 2014 war.[13][14]

Definition

The law of armed conflict requires that warring parties distinguish between combatants and non-combatants–the former may be legitimately killed, and the latter are protected.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A human shield refers to the placement of a non-combatant in the line of fire, thus preventing the legitimate military objective from being targeted without harming the non-combatant.Шаблон:Sfn

Use by Israeli forces

Шаблон:See also The Israeli Defense Forces have been accused of using Palestinians as human shields. Examples of this include: IDF soldiers putting Palestinian civilians in front of them or otherwise putting civilians in the line of fire;[2] forcing Palestinians to remove suspicious objects (possible explosives);[2] sending Palestinians to try and persuade militants to surrender themselves (so-called "neighbor procedure").[2]

1948–1967

During the 1956–1957 occupation of Gaza Strip by Israel (as part of the Suez crisis), Israeli forces would search homes of suspected Palestinian fedayeen for weapons, caches or concealed fighters. Because these homes could have booby traps or snipers waiting for Israeli soldiers, they would use Palestinian children as human shields.[15]

Second Intifada

Israeli officials reported that the Israel Defense Forces made use of the "human shield" procedure on 1,200 occasions during the Second Intifada (2000–2005).[16] An example of this was chaining a 12-year old Palestinian boy to an Israeli armored vehicle.[16] Israeli officials stated that this procedure killed "only" one Palestinian human shield.[17]

According to human rights groups Amnesty International[18] and Human Rights Watch,[19] the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) used Palestinian civilians as human shields during the 2002 Battle of Jenin. The Israeli human rights group B'Tselem said that "for a long period of time following the outbreak of the Second Intifada, particularly during Operation Defensive Shield, in April 2002, the IDF systematically used Palestinian civilians as human shields, forcing them to carry out military actions which threatened their lives".[20][21] Al Mezan reported the systematic use of human shields during the invasion of Beit Hanoun in 2004.[22] Human shields were also employed by Israeli soldiers to subdue a stone-throwing protest in Hebron in 2003.[23]

Amnesty gave the following example: on April 5, 2002, an IDF officer took a Palestinian man from his house and asked him to come with them. When the Palestinian man, whose children were around him, repeatedly refused, the IDF officer said "I would prefer not to use force". The IDF officer then grabbed the Palestinian man by the collar and forced him to walk in front of the IDF soldiers. The IDF officer crouched behind the Palestinian man and started firing. Over the course of several hours, IDF soldiers had him repeatedly stand in front of them as they fired at suspected Palestinian militants. During this time the Palestinian man asked to be released but the IDF refused. Finally during one incident the Palestinian man received a bullet on his leg and was finally released by the IDF.[24]

In 2002 the Supreme Court of Israel issued a temporary injunction banning the practice in the wake of the death of 19-year-old Nidal Abu Mohsen, who was shot dead when he was forced by the IDF to knock on the door of his neighbor, Hamas militant Nasser Jarrar, in the West Bank village of Tubas and inform him of the Israeli army's demands that he surrender.[16][25][26]

In 2004, a 13-year-old boy, Muhammed Badwan, was photographed tied to an Israeli police vehicle in the West Bank village of Biddu being used as a shield to deter stone-throwing protesters.[16][27] Rabbi Arik Ascherman was placed under arrest after he tried to intervene.[25]

In 2005, Israel's High Court of Justice banned the practice,[17][28] with the Israeli Defense Ministry appealing the decision.[17][29] While acknowledging and defending the "use of Palestinians to deliver warnings to wanted men about impending arrest operations", a practice known in Israel by the "neighbor procedure",[23] the IDF denied reports of "using Palestinians as human shields against attacks on IDF forces", saying it had already forbidden this practice.[28]

In 2006, however, initial investigations by B'Tselem indicated that the IDF might have used civilians as human shields in 2006 Beit Hanun.[30]

In February 2007, the footage was released of an incident involving Sameh Amira, a 24-year-old Palestinian, whom video showed serving as a human shield for a group of Israeli soldiers, getting inside apartments suspected to belong to Palestinian militants ahead of the soldiers.[31][32] A 15-year-old cousin of Amira and an 11-year-old girl in the West Bank independently told B'Tselem in February 2007 that Israeli soldiers forced each of them in separate incidents to open the door of a neighboring apartment belonging to a suspected militant, get inside ahead of them, and open doors and windows.[33]

The Israeli Army launched a criminal investigation into the incident involving Amira.[31] In April 2007, the Israeli army suspended a commander after the unit he was leading was accused of using Palestinians as human shields in a West Bank operation.[34] In April 2007, CBS News reported that, according to human rights groups, the IDF did not stop the use of human shields, but the incidence was dropping.[20][31]

"Neighbor procedure"

Шаблон:Seealso The IDF's practice of "Neighbor procedure", used during the Second Intifada, utilized Palestinians as human shields. Under this procedure, people picked at random were forced by IDF to approach the houses of suspected militants and persuade them to surrender, a practice which arguably placed the former's lives in danger. Israeli NGO Adalah legally challenged the practice before Israel's High Court of Justice in 2002. However, the IDF persisted in using Palestinians in its 'neighbor procedure', whereby people picked at random were made to approach the houses of suspects and persuade them to surrender, a practice which arguably placed the former's lives in danger. The court ruled in October 2005 "that any use of Palestinian civilians during military actions is forbidden, including the 'prior warning procedure'." According to B'tselem, reports indicate that the practice has continued nonetheless, in military operations like Operation Cast Lead, and Operation Protective Edge, and the "vast majority of these reports were never investigated, and those that did result in no further action".[35]

Locating IDF buildings in cities

Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini, in their study of the phenomenon, note that Israeli citizens in densely populated areas like Tel Aviv are never spoken of as human shields when Hamas fires rockets towards the Israeli Defense command located in the centre of that city, whereas Palestinians in Gaza are depicted as human shields when Israel fires rockets at, or bombs, equally densely populated cities like Gaza.[36]

2008–2009 Gaza War

During the 2008–09 Gaza War known as Operation Cast Lead, Israeli military forces were accused of continuing to use civilians as human shields by Amnesty International and Breaking the Silence.[5] According to testimonies published by these two groups, Israeli forces used unarmed Palestinians including children to protect military positions, walk in front of armed soldiers; go into buildings to check for booby traps or gunmen; and inspect suspicious objects for explosives.[5][13] Amnesty International stated that it found cases in which "Israeli troops forced Palestinians to stay in one room of their home while turning the rest of the house into a base and sniper position, effectively using the families, both adults and children, as human shields and putting them at risk".[4] The UN Human Rights Council also accused Israel of using human shields during the 2008–09 Gaza conflict.[37][38]

The Guardian compiled three videos and testimony from civilians about alleged war crimes committed by Israeli soldiers during the 2008–09 Gaza War, including the use of Palestinian children as human shields. In the videos, three teenage brothers from the al-Attar family said that they were forced at gunpoint to kneel in front of tanks to deter Hamas fighters from firing at them and that they were used to "clear" houses for the Israeli soldiers.[39]

An IDF soldier's testimony for Breaking the Silence told that his commander ordered that for every house raided by the IDF, they send a "neighbor" to go in before the soldier, sometimes while the soldier placed his gun on the neighbor's shoulder;[40] according to the soldier, "commanders said these were the instructions and we had to do it".[40] Gazan civilians also testified of being used at gunpoint as human shields by Israeli soldiers.[41] An Israeli military official responded to these allegations: "The IDF operated in accordance with the rules of war and did the utmost to minimize harm to civilians uninvolved in combat. The IDF's use of weapons conforms to international law." An Israeli embassy spokesperson alleged Hamas pressured the people of Gaza into making those accusations.[39]

On 12 March 2010, the Israel Defense Forces prosecution filed indictments against two staff sergeants of the Givati Brigade for forcing a 9-year-old Palestinian boy to open a number of bags they thought might contain explosives in January 2009. The boy told he was hit by the soldiers and forced to work for them at gunpoint.[42] The IDF said it opened the investigation after the incident was brought to its attention by the United Nations.[43] On 3 October 2010, a conviction in this matter, accompanied by a demotion and suspended sentence, was handed down by the military court against both defendants, though neither soldier was jailed.[44][45][46][47] The sentence was criticized as too lenient by Human Rights Watch[48] and the boy's mother.[42]

2009 to the 2014 Gaza War

A United Nations human rights body accused Israeli forces in June 2013 of "continuous use of Palestinian children as human shields and informants", voicing with deep concern 14 such cases had been reported between January 2010 and March 2013. It says almost all accused soldiers involved in the incidents have gone unpunished.[49]

In an interview with Breaking the Silence, a former Israeli soldier recounted that the commander of his unit employed the policy, that of forcing Palestinian civilians to enter the homes of suspected militants ahead of Israeli soldiers, despite acknowledging its ban, as the commander would rather that a Palestinian civilian be killed carrying out the duty than one of his men.[50] He told young Palestinian boys were also used by this particular unit to carry out military duties for the Israeli army.[50]

Defense for Children International-Palestine reported 17-year-old, Ahmad Abu Raida (also: "Reeda"),[51] was kidnapped by Israeli soldiers, who, after beating him up and threatening him, at times with sexual overtones,[52] used him as a human shield for five days, forcing him to walk in front of them with police dogs at gunpoint, search houses and dig in places soldiers suspected there might be tunnels.[51][53] The New York Times stated that his assertions could not be independently corroborated; the Israeli military confirmed that he had been detained, noting his father's affiliation with Hamas, who was a senior official in the Gaza Tourism Ministry.[54] No material evidence of the physical violence allegedly suffered by Raida, e.g. photos, medical reports or lingering wounds resulting from repeated blows, was produced.[55]

The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor conducted an investigation during and following the military operation. The investigation found that, during the 2014 Gaza War, Israeli soldiers used Palestinian civilians as shield in Khuza'a. A family told the group that Israeli soldiers had killed the family's patriarch, a 65-year-old who was carrying a white flag, and proceeded to place family members, including children, by the house's windows and shoot from behind them.[51]

2022

In May 2022, Israeli soldiers were accused of using a 16-year old girl as a human shield during a firefight with Palestinian militants in Jenin. The girl told Defence for Children International in an interview that Israeli soldiers forced her to stand in direct line of fire for two hours even as she begged them to let her go.[56] When Amira Hass from the Ha'aretz contacted Israeli forces regarding this incident, they declined to comment on the human shield reports, simply saying they had behaved "ethically".[57][58]

A UN report stated that Israel found four examples of Israel using Palestinian children as human shields in the year 2022 (the report also accused Palestinian militants of using human shields).[59][60]

2024

On January 16, 2024, IDF soldiers used a Palestinian man as a human shield in Dura, West Bank. Mobile phone video footage showed Israeli soldiers advancing down the street while keeping the Palestinian man in front of them; one of the Israeli soldiers held the Palestinian man and kept his rifle on the Palestinian's shoulder.[61]

Use by Palestinian factions

As early as 2004 Amos Harel wrote in Haaretz that during the Second Intifada (2000–2005) Palestinian gunmen "routinely" used civilians and children as human shields and stated that there was photographic evidence for it.[62]

On 22 November 2006, Human Rights Watch (HRW) accused Muhammad Wail Baroud, a military commander in the Popular Resistance Committee, of using civilians for shielding homes against military attacks but later stated that they erred. There was no evidence that the house was being used for military purposes at the time of the planned attack, nor did the IDF explain what military objective it could have had. They considered the destruction in light of Israel's longstanding policy of destroying homes as punitive measures instead of as legitimate military targets. HRW acknowledged they did not consider the motives of the civilians, such as whether they willingly assembled or not, and emphasized that it did not want to criticize non-violent resistance or any other form of peaceful protest, including civilians defending their homes.[63]

Use by Hamas

Шаблон:Main {{#section-h:Use of human shields by Hamas}}

Activists as human shields

Rachel Corrie and Tom Hurndall, Western International Solidarity Movement (ISM) volunteers in the Palestinian territories, who died in 2003 and 2004 respectively have been described as "human shields" campaigning against house demolition. ISM, however, strongly takes offence at the use of the term "human shield" to describe their work, preferring it be used only to refer to when armed combatants uses civilians as shields.[64]

Amnesty International has also rejected the definition of volunteer activist's actions or activist's actions for non-military property as "human shields", and regards only the direction of "specific civilians to remain in their homes as "human shields" for fighters, munitions, or military equipment" as “human shields”.[65]

In 2008, Rabbis for Human Rights stated they would act as voluntary "human shields" during the annual olive harvest to protect Palestinian villages from settlers.[66]

See also

References

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Sources

Books

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Journal articles

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 "Impunity for War Crimes in Gaza-Southern Israel a Recipe for Further Civilian Suffering". Шаблон:Webarchive. Amnesty International.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ James Pamment, Vladimir Sazonov, Francesca Granelli, Sean Aday, Māris Andžāns, Una Bērziņa-Čerenkova, John-Paul Gravelines, Mils Hills, Irene Martinez-Sanchez, Mariita Mattiisen, Holger Molder, Yeganeh Morakabati, Aurel Sari, Gregory Simons, Jonathan Terra, Hybrid Threats: Hamas' use of human shields in Gaza Nato Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 5 June 2019 pp.147–169, 152
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ "Amid Increasingly Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Hamas Attacks Cannot Justify Collective Punishment of Palestinian People – Press Release". 9451ST MEETING (AM & PM) SC/15462 24 October 2023
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Amnesty International Report "Operation Cast Lead": 22 Days of Death and Destruction pp. 48–50, Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 "Israel-Gaza: IDF used Palestinians as human shields 1,200 occasions in last five years, say Israeli defence officials". Belfast Telegraph, 12 October 2005.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Human Rights Watch, Jenin: IDF Military Operations, [1] Шаблон:Webarchive "VII. Human Shielding and the Use of Civilians for Military Purposes", May 2002.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 B'Tselem, [2] Шаблон:Webarchive "Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun", B'Tselem, 20 July 2006.
  21. ↑ [3] Шаблон:Dead link UN Doc. Chronological Review of Events 6 November 2002, "A military court in Israel sentenced two junior officers to 28 days imprisonment because they had used Palestinian civilians as 'human shields', Israel Radio reported. A platoon sergeant who had made a navigation error and ended up in a Palestinian village with his soldiers had forced a villager to drive them to a safe place, the radio said. During the sergeant's investigation, a similar incident had come to light in the same battalion, during which a squad commander had made a Palestinian drive him and his soldiers to safety."
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web "A paper on the IOF Invasion of the town of Beit Hanoun (June 29 – August 5, 2004)", Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, 12 August 2004. On Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 "Israel faces human shield claim". Шаблон:Webarchive BBC News, 23 April 2004.
  26. ↑ "Israeli army accused of new killing". Шаблон:Webarchive BBC News, 16 August 2002.
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ [4] Шаблон:Webarchive – "Human rights groups on the attack on Gaza B'Tselem: Israeli soldiers use civilians as human shields in Beit Hanun", B'Tselem, 20 July 2006.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations". Шаблон:Webarchive CBS News, 11 April 2007.
  32. ↑ "Israelis use Palestinian as human shield". Шаблон:Webarchive. The Denver Post, 12 April 2007.
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ "Israel Human Shield Suspension". Шаблон:Webarchive. BBC News, 14 April 2007.
  35. ↑ "Human Shields". B'tselem, 11 November 2017.
  36. ↑ Gordon, Perugini 2020 p.165.
  37. ↑ James Bone. "UN accuses Israel of committing war crimes in Gaza", The Times, 16 September 2009.
  38. ↑ Associated Press report, "UN Human Rights Council endorses Gaza war crimes report, demands Israel, Hamas investigate", Шаблон:Webarchive New York Daily News, 16 October 2009.
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  47. ↑ Harriet Sherwood, "Israeli Soldiers Convicted of Using Palestinian Boy as Human Shield," The Guardian 3 October 2010.
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 51,2 Шаблон:Cite report
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  53. ↑ "Israeli forces use Palestinian child as human shield in Gaza". Шаблон:Webarchive Defence for Children International Palestine. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ "Human Rights Watch Statement on our November 22 Press Release". Шаблон:Webarchive. Human Rights Watch, 15 December 2006.
  64. ↑ "ISM report Шаблон:Webarchive", 5 May 2003.
  65. ↑ "Document - Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Israel/Gaza conflict". Amnesty International. July 2014.
  66. ↑ "Settlers clash with rabbis guarding Palestinian olive harvest near Hebron" Шаблон:Webarchive Haaretz, 13 October 2008 Associated Press.
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