Английская Википедия:Humane King Sutra
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed
The Humane King Sutra (Шаблон:CJKV) is found in Taisho No. 245 and 246. Many scholars have suspected this sutra to be composed in China but not all scholars agree with this viewpoint.[1]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Refn There are two versions: the first is called the Humane King Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (仁王般若波羅蜜經), while the second is called the Humane King State-Protection Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (仁王護國般若波羅蜜經), more idiomatically the Prajnaparamita Scripture for Humane Kings Who Wish to Protect their States.[2] Both sutras are found in the prajnaparamita section of the Taisho Tripitaka.
This sutra is unusual in the fact that its target audience, rather than being either lay practitioners or the community of monks and nuns, is the rulership (i.e. monarchs, presidents, prime ministers, etc.). Thus, for example, where the interlocutors in most scriptures are arhats or bodhisattvas, the discussants in this text are the kings of the sixteen ancient regions of India. The foregrounded teachings, rather than being meditation and wisdom, are "humaneness" and "forbearance" or "ksanti", these being the most applicable religious values for the governance of a Buddhist state. Hence today in some Chinese temples, the sutra is used during prayers on behalf of the government and the country.
A second translation from a Sanskrit text was carried out a few centuries after the appearance of the original version, by the monk Amoghavajra (Bukong 不空), one of the most important figures in the Chinese Esoteric tradition, as well as a patriarch in the Shingon school of Japan. This second version of the text (仁王護國般若波羅蜜經, T 246.8.834-845) is similar to the original version (仁王般若波羅蜜經, T 245.8.825-834), the translation of which was attributed to Kumārajīva, but it contains new sections that include teachings on mandala, mantra, and dhāraṇī.
Themes
One theme of the sutra is impermanence. A passage which is popular in Japan is the Шаблон:Nihongo Шаблон:Nihongo, which in full reads Шаблон:Nihongo, and is analogous to sic transit gloria mundi in the West. This is famously quoted in the first line of The Tale of the Heike, whose latter half reads: Шаблон:Nihongo.[3]
Translations
There are two classical Chinese translations extant:
- the 仁王護國般若波羅蜜經 Renwang Huguo Bore Boluomi Jing (trans. by Kumārajīva in 410-412).[4][5]
- the 仁王護國般若波羅蜜多經 Renwang Huguo Bore Boluomiduo Jing (trans. by Amoghavajra in 765-766).[6][7] Amogavajra translated the mantras.
The discovery of the Old Translated Inwanggyeong (구역인왕경;舊譯仁王經) in Gugyeol in the mid-1970s contributed to Middle Korean studies.[8]
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
- Conze, Edward (1974). The Short Prajnaparamita Texts. [esp. The Sutra on Perfect Wisdom Which Explains How Benevolent Kings May Protect Their Countries] pp. 165–183. Шаблон:ISBN
- Orzech, Charles D. (1989). Puns on the Humane King: Analogy and Application in an East Asian Apocryphon, Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 /1, 17-24
- Orzech, Charles D. Politics and Transcendent Wisdom: The Scripture for Humane Kings in the Creation of Chinese Buddhism. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. Шаблон:ISBN
- Orzech, Charles D. (2002). Metaphor, Translation, and the Construction of Kingship in The Scripture for Humane Kings and the Mahāmāyūrī Vidyārājñī Sūtra, Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 13, 55-83
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (log in with userID "guest")
- ↑ Yang 2016
- ↑ Orzech 2002, p. 63
- ↑ Chapter 1.1, Helen Craig McCullough's translation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Orzech 1989, p.18
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Orzech 1989, p.18
- ↑ On the Chinese Transcriptions of Northeastern Eurasian Languages
