Английская Википедия:Hungarian grammar

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Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:Hungarian language

Hungarian grammar is the grammar of Hungarian, a Finno-Ugric language that is spoken mainly in Hungary and in parts of its seven neighboring countries.

Hungarian is a highly agglutinative language which uses various affixes, mainly suffixes, to change the meaning of words and their grammatical function. These affixes are mostly attached according to vowel harmony.

Verbs are conjugated according to definiteness, tense, mood, person and number. Nouns can be declined with 18 case suffixes, most of which correspond to English prepositions.

Hungarian is a topic-prominent language and so its word order depends on the topic-comment structure of the sentence (that is, what aspect is assumed to be known and what is emphasized).

Word order

Neutral Hungarian sentences have a subject–verb–object word order, like English. Hungarian is a null-subject language and so the subject does not have to be explicitly stated. Word order is determined not by syntactic roles but rather by pragmatic factors. Шаблон:Citation needed Emphasis is placed on the word or phrase immediately before the finite verb.

The four parts that a sentence usually contains are topic, focus, verb and the rest; however, any of the four parts may be empty. The topic and the rest may contain any number of phrases, but the focus may contain only one phrase.

Emphasis

The tables below contain some Hungarian variations of the sentence János tegnap elvitt két könyvet Péternek. ("John took two books to Peter yesterday.") Besides the verb, the sentence contains four other elements: János ("John"), Péternek ("to Peter"), két könyvet ("two books") and tegnap ("yesterday").

Topics Focus Verb The rest Special meaning
János tegnap ∅ elvitt két könyvet Péternek. Two books were taken by John to Peter yesterday. (It was successfully completed, and there is no special emphasis.)
János tegnap két könyvet vitt el Péternek. It was two books that John took to Peter yesterday. (As far as John and yesterday are concerned, it was exactly two books that he took to Peter.)
János ∅ tegnap vitt el két könyvet Péternek. It was yesterday that John took two books to Peter. (John took Peter two books sometime, but it was done specifically yesterday.)
∅ ∅ János vitt el tegnap két könyvet Péternek. It was John who took two books to Peter.
∅ ∅ Péternek vitt el tegnap János két könyvet. It was to Peter whom John took two books to yesterday.
János tegnap Péternek vitt el két könyvet. John took two books yesterday specifically to Peter, not to anybody else.
∅ ∅ ∅ Elvitt János tegnap két könyvet Péternek. Two books were taken by John to Peter yesterday. (The action was completed, and the books are at Peter's place now. Emphasis on the action.)
Két könyvet tegnap ∅ elvitt János Péternek. Two books were indeed taken by John to Peter. (Perhaps something else was brought to him, as well. However, the two books may not be the most important thing; for example, John may have left Peter's documents at home.)
∅ ∅ Két könyvet vitt el János tegnap Péternek. John took two books and nothing else to Peter yesterday.

The topic contains a phrase or phrases that the speaker considers to be known and are used to introduce the topic of the statement, equivalent to "as far as X is concerned,...". The focus attracts the attention to an element of the event that is considered to be unknown, or it may be a refutation to a possible opposing belief. It excludes the validity of the statement for all other individuals in question and is equivalent to "it was X and nothing else that...".

If a focus is present, the verbal prefix will be put after the verb (vitt el is used instead of elvitt). If there is no verbal prefix, there may be ambiguity in writing since the phrase before the verb may be either a topic or a focus. For example, in the sentence Éva szereti a virágokat ("Eve likes [the] flowers"), Éva may be a topic and the sentence may be neutral, or Éva may be a focus and the sentence may emphasize that it is Eve who likes flowers:

Sentence Interpretation
Éva szereti a virágokat. Eve likes flowers.
Szereti Éva a virágokat. Eve likes flowers (despite what someone thinks).
Éva szereti a virágokat. Eve likes flowers (and not someone else).
Éva a virágokat szereti. Eve likes flowers (and not something else).
A virágokat Éva szereti. It is Eve who likes flowers (and not someone else although something else may be liked by someone else).
A virágokat szereti Éva. It is flowers that Eve likes (and not something else).

Morphology

Hungarian is an agglutinative language. Most grammatical information is given through suffixes: "on the table" = asztalon (space relation), "at 5 o'clock" = öt órakor (time relation). There is also one grammatical prefix (leg- for superlatives).

Overview of personal endings: typical sound elements

In Hungarian, the endings are common mostly for endings of pronouns with suffixes and postpositions, possessive endings of nouns and endings of verbs. (The accusative of pronouns is also given for comparison, but it is less regular.)

Pronoun Case/postposition stem Noun Verb Typical element
Nominative Accusative + personal suffix + personal suffix + possessive suffix Indefinite present Definite present
"I" etc. "me"
etc.		 "by/at me" etc. "under me" etc. "my flat /apartment" etc. "I see" etc. "I see it" etc.
én engem nálam alattam lakásom látok látom -m with link vowel -o/(-a)/-e/-ö or -a/-e
te téged nálad alattad lakásod látsz látod -d with link vowel -o/(-a)/-e/-ö or -a/-e
ő őt nála alatta lakása lát látja -a/-e
mi minket nálunk alattunk lakásunk látunk látjuk -nk with link vowel -u/-ü
ti titeket nálatok alattatok lakásotok láttok látjátok -tok/-tek/-tök
ők őket náluk alattuk lakásuk látnak látják -k
"You" (formal) (When to use which form:

"Maga" when a higher ranking person speaks to a lower ranking person with formality. (ex.: boss to employee)

"Ön" when a lower ranking person speaks to a higher ranking person with formality. (ex.: employee to boss)

When speaking to the elderly the "Ön form" is used, as the "Maga form" can have pejorative undertones.)

Ön,
Maga		 Önt
Magát		 Önnél
Magánál		 Ön alatt
Maga alatt		 az Ön lakása
a Maga lakása		 Ön lát
Maga lát		 Ön látja
Maga látja		 (-a/-e)
Önök,
Maguk		 Önöket
Magukat		 Önöknél
Maguknál		 Önök alatt
Maguk alatt		 az Önök lakása
a Maguk lakása		 Önök látnak
Maguk látnak		 Önök látják
Maguk látják		 (-k)

Harmonic vowels in suffixes

Front-back vowel harmony is important in Hungarian morphophonology. Certain suffixes also distinguish between front unrounded vowels and front rounded vowels. See Hungarian phonology or vowel harmony for a more detailed explanation.

Most (if not all) morphological word endings in Hungarian for verb conjugations (definite and indefinite), possessive suffixes and 'case-related' postpositions can be thought of as 'templates' that are, in turn, 'filled in' with vowels. While the template itself consists mainly of consonants (and sometimes vowels), the vowels that 'fill in' the template depend on the class of vowels (front, back, long, short, rounded, unrounded) in the word to which the template is attached.

For example, 'bVn' would be the template for the postposition meaning 'in' (with 'V' being the 'fill-in' vowel position) and it can be 'filled in' with either 'a' (for back vowels), thus forming 'ban,' or with 'e' (for front vowels), thus forming 'ben.' On the other hand, 'hVz' would be the template for the postposition meaning 'to' and this can be 'filled in' with 'o' (back), 'e' (front unrounded), or 'ö' (front rounded). The particular vowel or vowels taken by a template must mostly be memorized by a learner of Hungarian, but certain patterns can be noted by observing the particular phonological makeup of the consonants in the template. For example, 'vVl' is the template meaning 'with,' but the first consonant ('v') changes to match the final consonant of the word to which it is attached (provided the word ends in a consonant).

Note that the stem-final Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, as well as o and ö in foreign words, are lengthened before suffixes: Шаблон:Lang (Short o and ö cannot occur at the end of Hungarian words.) Short Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang retain their length: Шаблон:Lang

Here are the vowels that form parallel pairs or triads in harmonic suffixes:

Back Front
variant
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang

It can be seen the members of these pairs/triads agree mostly in height and length but differ in backness. (An exception is the pair Шаблон:Lang for which Шаблон:Lang (open front unrounded vowel) is considered to be back.)

In the cases of Шаблон:Lang vs. Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang and of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang there appears a difference in roundedness, too.

Notes:

Suffix typology

The suffixes can be classified into the following phonological types:

  1. Initial consonant and no change depending on the stem ending: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
  2. Initial Шаблон:Lang with complete preservative consonant assimilation, only for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang
  3. Initial vowel and no change depending on the stem ending: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
  4. Link vowel Шаблон:Lang on stems ending with a consonant, with link vowel Шаблон:Lang for certain back-vowel noun stems, e.g. Шаблон:Lang
  5. Link vowel Шаблон:Lang on stems ending with a consonant: Шаблон:Lang
  6. Link vowel Шаблон:Lang on stems ending with a consonant: Шаблон:Lang
  7. Link consonant Шаблон:Lang on stems ending with a vowel and on certain stems ending with a consonant, only for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang
  8. Invariant: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang

Minor variations:

Note that the long vowels Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are not used as link vowels.

Citation form of suffixes

Ending Sample word Suffix variation
Constant Difference by vowel quality Difference by vowel quality and ending
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Consonant Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang* 		Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang* 		Шаблон:Lang
Vowel Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
*: Its suffix may agree with any of the preceding variants, e.g. Шаблон:Lang but Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang but Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.

Personal suffixes and link vowels

Personal suffixes can have various uses in Hungarian grammar. There are two sets of them:

Therefore, their differences are:

  Type I (Шаблон:Lang) Type II (Шаблон:Lang)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
2nd person (informal) Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
2nd person (formal or official)
and 3rd person 		Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
 
  • In the example rows below the chart proper, the forms for the 1st person singular are given for the three basic types (back vowel, unrounded front vowel, rounded front vowel).
  • Within cells, the first row is for stems ending in a consonant and the second for stems ending in a vowel.
  • There is some variance with verbs (mostly in the 3rd person) but their forms still resemble this pattern.
  • The Шаблон:Lang group has another special feature as well: they always use a link vowel in the accusative, independently of their endings (e.g. Шаблон:Lang but Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang but Шаблон:Lang).

This difference often disambiguates meanings, e.g. Шаблон:Lang means "they came" (past) and Шаблон:Lang means "you [pl.] come" (present).

An extreme example is the longest Hungarian word 'Шаблон:Lang' (means 'due to your repeatedly not being possible to be desecrated'). This word contains mass of inflexions, prefix, suffix, etc. The core of the word is 'szent', meaning "sacred."

Note: the accusative suffix following the stem or following other suffixes shows the same difference, except for the six different forms for the six persons:

                                    Type I (Шаблон:Lang) Type II (Шаблон:Lang)
 

Noun phrase

See Hungarian noun phrase.

Postpositions

As well as the noun suffixes, which are often equivalent to English prepositions, Hungarian also has postpositions.

Amalgamation with personal pronouns

If postpositions are used with personal pronouns (cf. "to me"), most of them amalgamate with the suffixes expressing the person. Compare:

Postposition "Regular"
postpositional use		 "Amalgamated" use
with personal suffixes
alatt
under		 az asztal alatt
under the table		 alattam
under me

For the full list of such postpositions, see postpositions with personal suffixes.

Stand-alone postpositions

The following postpositions differ from the above in that they are never suffixed with personal endings:

Spatial postpositions Time postpositions Other postpositions
  • át "over/across"
  • keresztül "through/via"
  • túl "beyond"
  • óta "since"
  • hosszat "for xxx time"
  • múlva "in xxx time"
  • kezdve "from xxx on"
  • közben, során, folyamán "during"
  • körül, tájt, tájban, táján "around"
  • gyanánt "as, by way of"
  • végett "in order to, with a view to"
  • esetén "in case of"
  • folytán "due to"
  • képest "as compared to"
  • nézve "regarding, considering"

Derived postpositions

Certain standard postpositions are derived from a noun + 3rd person singular possessive suffix + case ending, e.g. apám révén "by the help of my father". See their list here.

This internal structure affects how they are used with pronominal forms (see above).

Case requirements

Most postpositions govern the nominative case; the exceptions are listed below. (The genitive case below means that morphologically speaking, they can take either the nominative or the dative suffix, see Other noun endings.)

dative valami /
valaminek		 ellenére (despite), folyamán (during), jóvoltából (thanks to), kedvéért (for the sake of), következtében (due to), mentén (along), részére (for), révén (by/through/via), számára (for/to), útján (via)
superessive valamin alul (under/below), át (through/over), belül (inside), felül/fölül (over/above), innen (this way from X), keresztül (across), kezdve (from X on), kívül (outside/except), túl (beyond)
sublative valamire nézve (with respect to)
allative valamihez hasonlóan (similarly to), képest (as compared to)
adessive valaminél fogva1 (owing to)
ablative valamitől fogva2 (from X on), kezdve (from X on)
instrumental-comitative valamivel együtt (along with), szemben (opposite)

Postpositions functioning as prepositions

Some postpositions may also precede the noun, thus functioning as prepositions: át (over/across), keresztül (through), együtt (together with), szemben (opposite), túl (beyond), e.g. át a folyón or a folyón át ("across the river").

Adjectives and adverbs

Adjective marking

Adjectives are unmarked for case. Attributive adjectives are unmarked for number but predicative adjectives are marked: piros almák ("red apples") but Az almák pirosak. ("The apples [are] red.").

Adverb derivation

The suffix Шаблон:Lang is used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives. Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are also used to derive adverbs from some adjectives.

There is also a suffix, Шаблон:Lang, which is used to derive adverbs from verbs. Its nearest English equivalent is the Шаблон:Lang form in a present participle (rather than a noun):

When combined with a form of the existential verb Шаблон:Lang it expresses the result of an action:

Such participles (note the adverbial usage) are referred to by term "adverbial participle" (distinguished from adjectival participle).

Use of adverbs

In Hungarian adverbs can be used predicatively with van ("is"): Korán van. ("It's early.") Nyitva van. ("It's open.")

Degree adverbs

Some degree adverbs are formed from adjectives. The suffixes are the same ones that are usually used on nouns:

Comparative and superlative

Comparative adjectives and adverbs are formed by adding -abb/-ebb/-bb to the adjective stem: gyors ("quick"), gyorsabb ("quicker"), gyorsan ("quickly"), gyorsabban ("more quickly").

To state the thing that is being compared with (like English "than"), Hungarian uses the noun suffix -nál/-nél or the preposition mint (mint is the only preposition in Hungarian): gyorsabb a szélnél or gyorsabb, mint a szél ("faster than the wind").

Superlative adjectives and adverbs are formed by adding the prefix leg- to the comparative: a leggyorsabb ("the quickest"), a leggyorsabban ("the most quickly").

Example: magas ("tall/high")
Degree Word elements Complete form Meaning
Prefix Adjective
stem		 Suffix
Base – magas – magas tall/high
Comparative – -abb magasabb taller/higher
Superlative leg- -abb legmagasabb tallest/highest
Exaggerated legesleg- -abb legeslegmagasabb the very tallest/highest

Notes:

  1. Back-vowel adjectives use a as link vowel (as in magasabb), while front-vowel ones use e (e.g. hidegebb "colder"). The only exception is nagy ("big"), which uses o as link vowel instead of a: nagyobb, legnagyobb, legeslegnagyobb.
  2. The exaggerated measure is used to stress the superlative adjective.

Verbs

See Hungarian verbs

Expressing time

Many expressions of time use the case endings and postpositions which are also used for position, e.g.:

There are also some which are used only for time, e.g.:

There are 2 ways of expressing how long ago something happened:

Telling the time

"Hány óra (van)? Mennyi (most) az idő?" ( " What time is it? What is the time? ")

  • 8.20 – Nyolc óra múlt húsz perccel. "It is twenty (minutes) past eight."
  • 8.50 – Tíz perc múlva kilenc óra. "It is ten to nine."

Times can be given by just the numbers, but this is not usual in speech, e.g.:

nyolc óra húsz (literally "eight hour twenty") or nyolc húsz (literally "eight twenty").

In speech the half and quarter hours are expressed by what fraction of the time to the next hour has elapsed.

These can be written using fractions, e.g.:

  • 8.00 or 8 – nyolc (literally "eight") or nyolc óra ( literally "eight hours")
  • 8.15 or Шаблон:Frac 9 – negyed kilenc (literally "quarter nine")
  • 8.30 or Шаблон:Frac 9 – fél kilenc (literally "half nine")
  • 8.45 or Шаблон:Frac 9 – háromnegyed kilenc (literally "three-quarters nine")

These are abbreviated in movie programmes as n9, f9 and h9 (with the initial letters of the fraction names).

The times in between these are expressed in relation to the next or previous quarter hour, e.g.:

  • 8.20 – negyed kilenc múlt öt perccel (literally "past quarter 9 by 5 minutes")...

...or fél kilenc lesz tíz perc múlva (literally "it will be half 9 in 10 minutes' time")

  • 8.25 – fél kilenc lesz öt perc múlva (literally "it will be half 9 in 5 minutes' time")

These are different when they refer to a time in the past or future:

  • 8.20-kor – negyed kilenc után öt perccel (literally "after quarter 9 by 5 minutes")
  • 8.25-kor – fél kilenc előtt öt perccel (literally "before half 9 by 5 minutes")

Duration structures

For a period of time extending up to the present:

  • 3rd singular possessive ending with present tense, e.g. Шаблон:Lang ("I've been living here for 3 years.")
  • 3rd singular possessive ending with negative past tense, e.g. Шаблон:Lang ("I haven't seen him for 10 years.")

For a period of time in the past, present or future:

These two structures are often interchangeable.

  • The Шаблон:Lang structure also exists, but it's rarely used in this sense since it may be ambiguous with the "by (before)" meaning. For example, Шаблон:Lang ("He left for three days.") Then again: Шаблон:Lang ("He was away for three days.") – the above suffixes appear.

Negation

Verbs are negated with nem except in the subjunctive, when ne is used.

Double or multiple negative is mandatory with negative pronouns (like nobody, nothing, never, nowhere).

Questions

Question words

Ki? is the basic question word for a person ("who?"), and mi? is the basic question word for a thing ("what?"). If it is meaningful, they can take the full range of case and noun suffixes: kit?, miben?, miképp? mi + ért ("for the purpose of") gives the question word miért? ("why?").

Milyen? is used to ask for a description and can be used either to ask about a whole noun phrase (Milyen a tanárod? "What is your teacher like?") or as a determiner (Milyen lakást akarsz? "What kind of flat do you want?"). There is no case suffix -lyan/-lyen, but that ending still occurs in ilyen ("this kind of"), olyan ("that kind of"), valamilyen ("some kind of") and semmilyen ("no kind of").

The strict three-way distinction in direction that occurs in the positional suffixes also occurs in the question words: hol? ("where?"), hova? /hová? ("where to?") and honnan? ("where from?").

Hány? is used to ask questions about numbers ("how many?"), and mennyi? is used to ask about quantities ("how much?"). If it is meaningful, they can take the full range of case and noun suffixes, and hánnyal?, hánykor?, mennyibe?, mennyiért? hány? can also take the full range of suffixes used for numbers and to express quantity: hányadik?, hányas?

Yes–no question

Yes–no questions are expressed by intonation and not by any modification to syntax or morphology.

A short positive answer to a yes–no question is often given by repeating the verb particle (or the full verb, if it has no particle), rather than by using the words Igen ("Yes"). Examples:

  • Elment? – El. ("Has he left? – He has." Literally "[He] away-went? – Away.")
  • Látta a filmet? – Látta. ("Did he see the film? – He did." Literally "[He] saw the film? – [He] saw.").

A negative answer to a yes–no question may include the word Nem ("No"), the negation of the requested part of the sentence or both.

  • Elment?
  • Nem. (this option may sound rude) / Nem ment el. / Nem, nem ment el. ("No, he hasn't left." Literally "No, not [He] went away.")

Tag questions

Tag questions are made by adding ugye to the beginning or end of a statement: Elment, ugye? or Ugye elment? ("He has left, hasn't he?"). The latter form more strongly suggests a positive answer.

Subordinate and relative clauses

Subordinate clauses are often used with an antecedent in the main clause, e.g. Kabátot hozott, mert fázott. /Azért hozott kabátot, mert fázott. ("She fetched a coat because she was cold [not for some other reason].)

Relative clauses usually have an explicit antecedent in the main clause, e.g. Attól félek/tartok, (hogy) nem mehetek el. ("I'm afraid [of the fact that] I can't go.")

References

External links

Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Language grammars Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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