Английская Википедия:Hurricane Liza

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox weather eventШаблон:Infobox weather event/NWSШаблон:Infobox weather event/EffectsШаблон:Infobox weather event/Footer Hurricane Liza caused the worst natural disaster in the history of Baja California Sur. The seventeenth tropical cyclone, thirteenth named storm, and eighth hurricane of the 1976 Pacific hurricane season, Liza developed from an area of disturbed weather southwest of the Mexican coast on September 25. Slowly intensifying, the system attained tropical storm strength the following day. In favorable conditions, Liza continued to intensify, reaching hurricane strength on September 28 after developing an eye. The hurricane peaked in intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on September 30, with winds of Шаблон:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Шаблон:Convert. Liza weakened as it moved northward into the Gulf of California. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane made its second landfall north of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, with winds of Шаблон:Convert, making it one of 17 storms to make landfall as major hurricanes in the basin. Inland, the hurricane rapidly weakened and dissipated on October 2.

Prior to the arrival of Liza, residents along the Gulf of California coastline were evacuated, although some refused to leave their homes. Radio stations warned all nearby ships to remain at harbor. Liza brought heavy rainfall to the area, which caused significant flash flooding. Following a dam burst by the El Cajoncito Creek along the outskirts of La Paz, hundreds of people were swept away by flood waters. In La Paz, the capital of the state, 412 people died and 20,000 were left homeless. Nearly one third of the homes in the town were destroyed. Throughout the state, a variety of death tolls were reported, but officials estimated that 1,000 people had perished. In the states of Sinaloa and Sonora, Liza caused moderate damage and left 30,000 to 54,000 homeless, along with 155 more casualties. Along the Gulf of California, 108 people were presumed dead after 12 boats were lost. The remnants of the storm later affected the United States, bringing moderate rainfall

In the aftermath of the storm, rescue workers spent days digging through mud to find victims of the hurricane until the search was disbanded on October 6. The government received criticism for the tragedy, citing that the dam that broke had been poorly built. Overall, at least 1,263 fatalities and $100 million (1976 USD) in damage are attributed to the hurricane, making it one of the deadliest tropical cyclones on record in the eastern Pacific, as well as one of the few Pacific hurricanes to kill more than 1,000 people.

Meteorological history

Шаблон:Storm path Hurricane Liza originated from a very large area of intense thunderstorms that developed about Шаблон:Convert southwest of the Mexican coast on September 25. Later that day, satellite imagery indicated that the system had developed a cyclonic circulation. It is estimated that a tropical depression developed at 1800 UTC on September 25, centered about Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero. The depression gradually intensified as it tracked west-northwestward, and became Tropical Storm Liza at 1800 UTC on the following day. Thereafter, Liza turned to the north at Шаблон:Convert and began to strengthen while moving through sea surface temperatures of Шаблон:Convert. Within 48 hours of the storm's formation, the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) reported winds of Шаблон:Convert, and Liza intensified into a hurricane early on September 28.[1]Шаблон:EPAC hurricane best track Around this time, the hurricane had developed an eye that was Шаблон:Convert in diameter, though it was initially not visible on satellite imagery. Operationally, however, Liza was not upgraded to a hurricane until 18 hours later.[1]

During the afternoon hours of September 28, a Hurricane Hunters aircraft made its first flight into Liza, recording a minimum barometric pressure of Шаблон:Convert; despite the low pressure, maximum sustained winds of just Шаблон:Convert were reported. Hours later, a second flight into the hurricane revealed winds of Шаблон:Convert and slightly lower pressures. Liza continued to intensify, attaining winds of Шаблон:Convert by early September 29.[1] Later that morning, the hurricane reached Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS).Шаблон:EPAC hurricane best track By midday, Hurricane Hunters recorded a pressure of Шаблон:Convert as the eye became visible on infrared satellite imagery,[1] prompting the EPHC to upgrade Liza to a major hurricane, a Category 3 or higher on the SSHWS.[1]

Liza continued to rapidly intensify and attained winds of Шаблон:Convert late on September 29, making it a mid-level Category 4 hurricane.Шаблон:EPAC hurricane best track Though Liza encountered warm sea surface temperatures of Шаблон:Convert, it did not strengthen further the following day. Late on September 30, Liza brushed the Baja California Peninsula, passing about Шаблон:Convert east of Cabo San Lucas[1] while still at peak intensity.Шаблон:EPAC hurricane best track Early on October 1, Liza entered the Gulf of California exactly Шаблон:Convert east of La Paz, Baja California Sur. By 1300 UTC that day, Liza made landfall about Шаблон:Convert north of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, with winds of Шаблон:Convert, still a Category 3 storm.[1] Operationally, however, Hurricane Liza was estimated to have made landfall with winds of Шаблон:Convert[2] and gusts up to Шаблон:Convert.[3] The storm continued quickly inland while weakening, dissipating the following day.[1] The remnants of Hurricane Liza later entered the United States near El Paso, Texas.[4]

Preparations

Prior to the arrival of the hurricane, many residents in shanty towns failed to hear tropical cyclone warnings and watches.[2] Some did hear the warnings, but they did not believe them as the same warning had been issued several weeks before and nothing had happened.[5] In addition, city officials warned the residents living near the dam to take shelter in public buildings though most refused to leave.[6] The government ignored all requests to shore up an earthen dam, as they did not believe Liza would pose a significant threat of damage to the Baja California Peninsula.[7] Along the Gulf Coast, troops evacuated residents, and radio stations warned all nearby ships to remain at harbor.[8] During the afternoon hours of September 29, the education department suspended classes as it began to rain.[9]

As the remnants of Liza moved across the western United States, National Weather Service posted flash flood watches for much of deserts of California, southern Utah, and a portion of Colorado. For the higher areas of Colorado, a snow watch was in effect.[10] In addition, motorists were warned of very hazards driving conditions within Шаблон:Convert of the border.[11]

Impact

In all, Liza brought a total of $100 million in damage[12] in Baja California Sur, which receives catastrophic flooding from hurricanes every 50 years or so.[13] The hurricane was considered the worst natural disaster in the history of the peninsula,[14] which at the time held 130,000 occupants.[15] Furthermore, Liza was at that time considered the worst hurricane to affect the entire country in the 20th century.[16]

Baja California Sur

Файл:Liza 1976 rainfall.gif
Rainfall totals associated with Liza

Hurricane Liza caused extensive damage and loss of life in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur.[1] Although the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) suggests that Liza brought only light to moderate rains to the area, peaking at around Шаблон:Convert,[17] newspaper accounts claim that Шаблон:Convert fell (more than a year's worth of rainfall) in some areas in a mere 3 hours.[6] Moreover, Шаблон:Convert was measured in El Triunfo and San Antonio, along the southern portion of the peninsula.[18] In La Paz, Baja California Sur, a storm surge of Шаблон:Convert was reported.[19]

The El Cajoncito Creek along the extreme southeast portion of the state grew into a raging torrent. During night of October 1, waters burst a three-year-old and Шаблон:Convert dike.[2][20] A Шаблон:Convert wall of water[21] spilled over a small shanty town of 10,000 inhabitantes, thousands of whom lived in cardboard shacks. Some shacks were swept Шаблон:Convert away from their initial location.[2] The ensuing mudslide is regarded as the worst in the history of Mexico.[22] Most of the deaths from the hurricane were due to the dam failure;[23] streets also received flooding from the dam burst.[24]

Initially, government officials denied that the dam was poorly built;[2] many politicians and an engineer for the nation's water company blamed the dam's poor construction as the source of the extreme death toll.[25] Prior to the arrival of the storm, many residents had repeatedly requested that a stone wall be built to protect their homes. After the storm, they said that the deaths could have been prevented.[5] According to one account, two master planned communities were situated in the middle of the drainage and were thus deluged by the storm.[26] The water department head took the blame for the construction, but also said that the disaster was a natural phenomenon.[27]

"Dozens" of people were also swept away into the Gulf of California when Hurricane Liza destroyed a Шаблон:Convert sea wall, which, ironically, had been built to prevent flooding from such storms.[28] Nine children got swept under mud.[11] The highway that connected Baja California with California was also destroyed in many places,[28] more than originally anticipated. In fact, there were holes in the asphalt pavement. Bridges up to Шаблон:Convert long were twisted.[23]

Due to flooding, troops evacuated dozens of communities along the Gulf coast. Many desert communities throughout the state were left without any telephone or electrical service;[7] wood, tarpaper, and cardboard were all scattered.[8] Dozens of scores of huts were destroyed. Many humans were swept into the gulf.[29] Sixteen people died inside the remains of a building.[23] Moreover, the Piojillo river overflowed its banks, killing many people and resulting in considerable damage.[30] Elsewhere, destruction was reported in San Jose del Cabo, Cabo San Lucas, San Lucas, and Puntas Arena;[11] Pichilinague also received moderate damage. However, there are no known reports of any casualties in all four of those places.[31] Hurricane Liza was also one of six hurricane to directly impact Los Cabos.[32]

South of La Paz, communications and telephone services were cut off to 13 smaller communities. A highway that extends as far south as Cabo San Lucas was blocked. Further north, a highway that links La Paz to places along the northern part of the peninsula such as Mexicali were badly damaged in four places. Offshore, officials reported that 75 boats including nine owned by Americans had sunk during the hurricane.[4] Most notably, the ship SalvatierraШаблон:'s cabin and most of its upper deck were ripped off while its hull rolled over. Multiple trucks smashed the ship; however, they were later salvaged.[33] In addition, an Шаблон:Convert vessel sunk during the storm, in which the owner had to pay for the damage, but later earned $50,000 settlement.[34] Overall, several ports along the coast were destroyed by the storm.[35]

In La Paz, a city that at that time had a population of approximately 85,000, some 20,000 were left homeless[2] (nearly one third of the city's population),[16] and an additional 4,000 were injured.[36] It is estimated that one out of five homes were destroyed in the city.[4] Widespread flooding was reported throughout the city[36] with mud filling up the first floor of many houses.[37] This flash flooding led to many homes and automobiles being destroyed.[2] Several roofs fell off of homes and landed deep in the mud.[38] Many roads were blocked due to fallen trees while numerous homes were pushed off their foundation;[19] some cars were also abandoned when Hurricane Liza struck.[39] Some cars were reportedly piled against damaged building and debris.[40] Nine people died when a car was swept away in the floodwaters.[31]

Also, electrical lines and drinking water supplies were cut in La Paz.[8] Also, communication lines were extensively damaged. La Paz Airport received damage during the hurricane; however, by the afternoon of October 1, the airport re-opened, thus allowing the military to provide much-needed aid to victims.[2] Wood, tarpaper, and cardboard were all scattered throughout La Paz.[8] By October 2, rescue teams had covered 38 sq mi (100 sq km) to configure the damage. Throughout the city, a total of 412 people had been killed,[2] 150 were missing people within the resort city,[28] five of which were later presumed dead.[41] Overall, nearly a third of the houses in La Paz were leveled.[27]

A wide variety of death tolls were reported by many different sources.[42] Mexican president Luis Echeverria as well as the HPC and EPHC claimed that 435 people died during the hurricane.[1][17][43] It was initially stated that 630 people had died during the storm; however, this total does not include victims discovered by the Mexican army.[2] During the afternoon of October 2, the local government had placed the confirmed death toll at 397. Two days later, the Bangor Daily News reported that the number of bodies found dead ranged from 400 to 750.[7] By late October 3, Mexican officials and a Red Cross spokesperson reported that 650 bodies had been found.[27] Meanwhile, a military search operation claimed that the death toll of the hurricane was 1,050.[23] By October 6, local officials had abandoned efforts to retrieve additional bodies, citing safety reasons. Even though 650 people were confirmed to have died during Hurricane Liza, officials estimated that at least 1,000 people died.[44] Within a week after Hurricane Liza, some feared 10,000 people perished. In addition, some modern estimates suggest that the toll could have been as high as 7,000.[45]

The Red Cross estimated that 75% of the deaths from the storm were children under 12.[46] At first, most of the bodies found by the army were buried normally[47] though due to the high death toll, some were just buried under debris.[28] Some dead bodies were later burned to prevent disease.[48][49] According to preliminary estimates by officials, 40,000 people were made homeless and an addition 20,000 were injured,[2] 126 of which were considered significant.[50] Within another day, the homeless total rose to 70,000.[24] Total damage from the hurricane was estimated at $100 million (1976 USD).[51]

Sinaloa

In the state of Sinaloa, heavy rainfall was recorded along the northern portion of the state near the Sonoran border. A peak total of Шаблон:Convert was measured in both Hultes and Choix.[17] Upon making landfall in the state, Liza became one of six tropical system to making landfall in the state at tropical storm intensity during the 1968-1995 time frame.[52] Offshore Topolobampo, 12 ship boats were reported missing, and the 108 crewman were feared dead.[53] On the mainland, some damage was reported.[39] Some flooding was recorded and at least 1,000 homes were evacuated.[35] In Los Mochis alone, 4,000 people were left without a home. Damage in the city totaled $300,000.[54]

Sonora

Across Sonora, many homes were wrecked due to flooding.[2] Light rainfall up to Шаблон:Convert was recorded along the southeastern region of the state[17] which led to reports of damage.[39] In Navojoa, heavy damage was reported. Numerous faculty homes, as well as the school barn and dining hall lost their homes at the College of the Pacific. Damage totaled to $300,000.[54] Along the southern portion of the state, in Yavaros, 155 people died, mostly adults. Roughly 80% of the town was flooded; it would take three years for the town to recover fully.[55]

About 30,000 people were left homeless statewide[56] though other authorities estimated that 24,000 people were left homeless in both Sonora and Sinaloa combined.[53] Throughout the mainland, 12 communities sustained heavy damage.[4] In all, all, there are no reports of major damage in the mainland.[11]

Southwestern United States

During its demise, Liza brought heavy rains and flooding to much of the Southwestern United States.[2] In Arizona, the tropical system brought light to moderate rain throughout the state, with maximum being Шаблон:Convert at Willow Beach, Arizona. Further east, Liza's remnants dropped light rainfall in New Mexico (peaking at Шаблон:Convert in White Sands National Park),[57] as well as in southwestern Texas.[10] Across Death Valley, flooding was recorded.[58]

Aftermath

Шаблон:Deadliest Pacific hurricanes During the aftermath of the storm, rescue workers searched the La Paz harbor, but had little hope in finding any victims.[28] Other rescue workers endured Шаблон:Convert heat while frantically searching for bodies floating on the ocean or sunk under mud.[51][59] Six bulldozers worked all day and night to extract cars, some of which were upside down while others were submerged into the flood waters.[56] Officials estimated that it would take eight days to repair down power lines in La Paz and completely restore electrical services;[4] within 72 hours following the passage of Liza, there was no electricity or fresh water access to survivors.[35] Emergency facilitates were used to provide the city with drinking water.[21] Food was rationed at hotels and restaurants. Drinking water was supplied, but water supplies rapidly went short.[60]

Some survivors of Hurricane Liza complained that they had only received one ration of food and water within 3 days of the passage of Liza.[60] Subsequently, armed troops guarded gangs of looters that damaged additional homes.[16] An effort was made to cure people who were suffering from sickness, but by midday on October 3, after treating more than 5,000 persons, the effort had been halted due to a lack of sterile cotton vital for administrating the shots.[53] Medical workers attempted to vaccinate all survivors for typhoid fever and tetanus, but the supply of syringes ran short.[16] A large memorial service was held on October 2 in a nearby church.[61]

Supplies had been brought in through the air and via the Mexican Navy containing food, blankets, and medicine early on October 2.[2] However, additional bad weather initially prevented further supplies from coming in.[4] Around that time, President Echeverria ordered emergency aid to be sent La Paz, Los Mochis, and Ciudad Obregón, as well as three coastal Sonoran ports.[2] In addition, officials set up tents to house 40,000 homeless persons.[21] Meanwhile, city officials appealed for additional food, medicine, and construction materials.[8] Gerald Ford, who was then the U.S. president, agreed to provide aid for victims of Hurricane Liza;[62] the first of which arrived late on October 2, containing food and construction materials.[60] The next day, power had been restored to hospitals, government centers, and gas stations.[53] The government said that it was rushing in 100,000 meals as well as 40,000 temporary shelters[60] the first of which started to arrive on October 5.[20] within a week after the storm, however, one survivor of the storm noted that plenty of food had arrived from many places.[45]

Ángel César Mendoza Arámburo, the governor of Baja California Sur, ordered a permanent evacuation of all low-lying residents to prevent more destruction during future floods, saying "I never want to see this city menaced in this way again".[53] He also believed that it would take two years to completely re-build La Paz. Mexican officials arranged a meeting on October 3 to make a plan to reconstruct the devastated area.[60] President Echeverría ordered a plan to prevent a recurrence of Hurricane Liza,[63] saying that La Paz would be built a different way.[16] In February 1977, houses were donated to the needy in La Paz.[64] Many residents were upset at their government for failing to protect the dam.[7] In the mainland, $50,000 of relief materials as well as $20,000 of cash was supplied to the Los Mochis area.[54]

Months after the hurricane, the Mexican government launched an investigation into the dam failure.[65] In the end, La Paz recovered, though the town had to be almost entirely re-built.[66] In 1997, Hurricane Pauline struck southern Mexico, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone to hit the country since Liza.[67] As of 2006, no hurricane in Baja California Sur has been as bad as Liza.[14]Шаблон:Update inline

See also

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References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Category 4 Pacific hurricanes Шаблон:1976 Pacific hurricane season buttons Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 28,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MXGUTTAFSV не указан текст
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 53,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Yarly не указан текст
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 60,2 60,3 60,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
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