Английская Википедия:Hyōgai kanji

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Japanese writing Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Nihongo, also known as Шаблон:Nihongo, is a term for Japanese kanji outside the two major lists of jōyō kanji, which are taught in primary and secondary school, and the jinmeiyō kanji, which are additional kanji that are officially allowed for use in personal names. The term Шаблон:Nihongo is also encountered but it designates all the kanji outside the list of jōyō kanji, including the jinmeiyō kanji.

Number of hyōgaiji

Because hyōgaiji is a catch-all category for "all unlisted kanji", there is no comprehensive list, nor is there a definitive count of how many hyōgaiji exist. The highest level of the Kanji kentei (test of kanji aptitude) tests approximately 6,000 characters, of which half are hyōgaiji and 2,999 are from the official lists (2,136 jōyō kanji and 863 jinmeiyō kanji). While in principle any Chinese character or newly coined variant may be used as hyōgaiji, the Kangxi Dictionary and the 20th century Dai Kan-Wa jiten, both extremely comprehensive, contain about 47,000 and 50,000 characters, respectively, of which over 40,000 would be classed as hyōgaiji or non-standard variants if used in Japanese.

Traditional and simplified forms

While many jōyō-kanji are printed using simplified forms (shinjitai, in opposition to traditional forms), hyōgaiji are officially printed with traditional forms such as Шаблон:Lang, even if some simplified variants are officially recognized in print, such as the simplified Шаблон:Lang, from the traditional Шаблон:Lang as well as Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang.

The Jinmeiyō-kanji list (used for names) recognizes in most cases the traditional form along with the simplified form (when one exists).

However, other unofficial simplified forms exist, known as Шаблон:NihongoШаблон:Sndthese come by applying the same simplification processes as in the development of shinjitai. The newspaper The Asahi Shimbun developed its own simplified characters, known as Asahi characters, and they have their own Unicode code points. Some of these simplifications are part of the standard JIS X 0208 and later versions. Among extended shinjitai, only a few are de facto frequently used, including Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (extended shinjitai for the jōyō-kanji Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (extended shinjitai for the hyōgaiji Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang).

Japanese computer fonts

The issue of variant non-Jōyō character forms becomes apparent when using many commonly available Japanese fonts. While characters not frequently used generally retain their traditional forms, those commonly used in Japanese writing frequently are reproduced in their unofficial simplified form (extended shinjitai), rather than their official printed form. Well-known examples include:

• Шаблон:Nihongo krt instead of standard Шаблон:Lang
• Шаблон:Nihongo krt with simplified phonetic component, rather than standard Шаблон:Lang
• Шаблон:Nihongo krt with simplified phonetic component, rather than standard Шаблон:Lang

Some characters are provided in both their official and simplified forms, as is the case with Шаблон:Lang (official printed form) and Шаблон:Lang (simplified variant), but most of these characters are provided in one form only. Thus, unlike the aforementioned "Asahi characters", simplifications are not comprehensive, meaning that hyōgaiji are rendered as a mix of both standard classical forms and unofficial simplifications. This is perhaps most obvious in the archaic kanji spelling of Шаблон:Lang-ja. The characters, both hyōgaiji, are displayed with a simplified and an unsimplified "barley" radical side-by-side, which can be visually jarring. The lack of an unsimplified variant in many fonts leaves the user with no choice but to reproduce the word as shown above.

The use of hyōgaiji in computer fonts was brought to the fore with the 2007 launch of Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard". This release included the fonts Hiragino Mincho Pro N and Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro N, which reproduce hyōgaiji in their official printed forms.

A related weakness (though less relevant to modern language use) is the inability of most commercially available Japanese fonts to show the traditional forms of many Jōyō kanji, particularly those whose component radicals have been comprehensively altered (such as Шаблон:Lang in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang in Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang in Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, rather than their traditional forms as used in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang). This is mostly an issue in the verbatim reproduction of old texts, and for academic purposes.

Uses

The character Шаблон:Nihongo krt is often mentioned as an example of a very commonly used hyōgaiji. While the official recommendation is to write the word in hiragana or katakana, a corpus survey in 2003 showed the kanji form to be by far the most common in practice.

Hyōgaiji are often used in the names of wagashi, which draw from ancient literature.

Hyōgai kanji may be often used in manga works for stylistic purposes in character names, place names and other phrases, typically accompanied by furigana gloss to aid with their reading.

Modern Mandarin Chinese borrowings into Japanese are typically rendered with katakana per any gairaigo; however, they may be sometimes stylistically spelled with their original Chinese characters and given a non-standard borrowed pronunciation, many of these characters are technically classified as hyōgaiji due to the difference in common character use between the languages. This is particularly common with mahjong terminology.

See also

• List of hyōgai kanji ja.Wiktionary Шаблон:In lang