Английская Википедия:Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk (Шаблон:Korean; 13 May 1906 – 3 September 1945) was a Korean politician and leader in the Communist Party of Korea. He was assassinated likely by a member of Daedongdan, the predecessor to the terrorist group the White Shirts Society.

Early life and education

Hyŏn was born on 13 May 1906.Шаблон:Sfnp His hometown was Kaechon, South Pyongan Province, Korean Empire.Шаблон:Sfnp He had a younger brother, Hyŏn Kwan-hyŏk (Шаблон:Korean).

He graduated from Keijō Imperial University. According to the historian Шаблон:Ill, Hyŏn was known as "one of the two geniuses of Kwanso" (Шаблон:Korean).Шаблон:Sfnp

Career

Local head of the Communist Party of Korea

On 15 August 1945, Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule. The northern half of Korea was then placed in a trusteeship under the Soviet Union, called the Soviet Civil Administration. However, the Soviets did not arrive in Pyongyang until 26 August. Before then, the city was wracked with hunger, violence, and looting.Шаблон:Sfnp

According to the records of the Communist Party of Korea (CPK), on 17 August, Hyŏn departed from Seoul to Pyongyang and likely arrived on the 18th. The Pyongyang district branch of the CPK (Шаблон:Korean) was established on the 17th. There are Russian records that state Hyŏn was released from prison on 16 August and had a meeting with the local Japanese governor on 17 August. A Japanese source says that on 15 August the CPK began distributing leaflets that read "Protect Japanese lives" (Шаблон:Korean), but Jung questions the chronology of both these claims.Шаблон:Sfnp

There were not many communists in Pyongyang at the time of liberation. In fact, the majority of the city was composed of right-leaning Christian nationalists. The communists who were there mostly congregated on the official branch of the CPK after its creation. However, on 20 August a small but violent minority led by Jang Si-woo formed their own party of the same name, except that it was unaffiliated with the CPK and it called itself the Pyongyang city branch ((Шаблон:Korean)). Their ideology rejected cooperation with other political ideologies and called for an immediate communist revolution. They denounced Hyŏn and the other branch as traitors and had several violent clashes with them.Шаблон:Sfnp

For the several weeks before his death, Hyŏn was the highest-ranking communist in North Korea, and has been discussed in the context of potential Soviet candidates for leadership of North Korea, alongside Kim Il Sung.Шаблон:Sfnp However, he is often considered by later scholars to have been relatively independent and removed from the Soviet command structure. He had few contacts within the Soviet Union and was not trusted by Moscow. By contrast, Kim Il Sung was an adequate speaker of Russian and had been known to the Soviets from his time as an anti-Japanese guerrilla.Шаблон:Citation

Red Guard

On 27 August, Hyŏn formed a militant organization within the branch called the Red Guard.Шаблон:Sfnp The Red Guard was formed in response to violence and instability in the wake of the collapse of the Japanese colonial government. It engaged in several significant clashes with the Japanese and Korean police in Pyongyang, especially because the majority of police at the time were right-wing.Шаблон:Sfnp

In one incident, they planned to preemptively strike the security forces led by Шаблон:Ill, but Cho Man-sik intervened. He managed to convince them to halt the attack by saying, "Should we really be fighting other Koreans when the Japanese are still watching our every move?"Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn

Meeting the Soviets

The Soviets entered the city on 26 August. On 27 August, Hyŏn met with the commander of the 25th Army, General Ivan Chistyakov. Hyŏn adopted a policy of cooperating with the Soviets, which earned him and his organizations Soviet support. However, this also drew the ire of the right wing, the anti-Soviet left-wing, and the nationalists who Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfnp

Soviet support made the Red Guard a significant player in the Pyongyang security scene, which was highly unstable in the first few months. The Soviets disarmed the Japanese police in Pyongyang on 27 August.Шаблон:Sfnp The Soviets, the Red Guard, and the various police forces in Pyongyang had numerous conflicts over time.Шаблон:Sfnp

Death

Hyŏn was assassinated in Pyongyang around noon on 3 September 1945.Шаблон:Sfnp Hyŏn, Шаблон:Ill, and Cho Man-sik had been returning from a meeting at the headquarters of the 25th Army in Pyongyang in a Japanese-made truck. Hyŏn and Han were seated in the back, and Cho was sitting in the front passenger seat. When the truck slowed down to round a curve, a young man wearing a Red Guard uniform entered the truck with a pistol and shot Hyŏn in the chest, possibly twice.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn Cho shouted Hyŏn's name several times in shock. Hyŏn died on the spot. The assassin then disappeared into an alleyway.

Aftermath

According to a 1992 interview with Yoo Gi-seon (Шаблон:Korean), the chief of the East Pyongyang police who initially investigated the murder, just after lunchtime, he learned of Hyŏn's death and rushed over to Cho's house to interview him. Yoo's recalling of the interview is now an important source for understanding Hyŏn's death.

The assassin(s) were never caught and fled to the South. Yeom Dong-jin, the founding leader of Daedongdan and generally agreed to have ordered the assassination, was briefly arrested as a suspect but was soon released. He then fled south along with other members.Шаблон:Sfnp

Hyŏn is now buried in the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery, in what is now North Korea.Шаблон:Sfnp His funeral and funeral procession can be briefly seen in a 1945 South Korean newsreel released a few weeks after his death.

Historiography of death

Date

For decades, the date of the assassination was uncertain, with various sources naming 2, 3, 4, 18, or 28 September as the date. However, Hyŏn's tombstone has the date as 3 September.Шаблон:Sfnp Jung also compiled a list of publications and testimonies that provided dates for the assassination. Most sources used the 2, 3, and 4 September dates. The historian Шаблон:Ill was the first to propose the 28 September death date in 1961. He originally proposed this date to support his theory that Kim Il Sung ordered the murder, as Kim was not present on the peninsula until weeks after 3 September.Шаблон:Sfnp In a 2018 book, the Western scholar Michael Seth used the 28 September death date.Шаблон:Sfnp

Identity of attackers and motive

While the identity and motive behind the killing is not known with certainty, it is the general consensus that the main attacker was Шаблон:Interlanguage link of Daedongdan, which was the predecessor to the White Shirts Society (WSS).Шаблон:Sfnp

However, until the 1990s, it was widely believed that left-wing forces were behind the attack.Шаблон:Sfnp Cho's Korean Social Democratic Party and the right-wing in the South believed that that Jang's forces were behind it.Шаблон:Sfnp They believed Jang and other communists targeted Hyŏn because he was too willing to cooperate with the right. In 2021, Jung noted that this was still a possibility, as the perpetrators remained unknown due to their evading arrest.Шаблон:Sfnp

The historian Шаблон:Ill, a former North Korean communist who defected to South Korea in 1950, proposed in 1958 and 1961 that Kim Il Sung and the Soviets ordered Jang and Kim Yong-bom to orchestrate the attack. This theory was also supported in 1962 by a significant reporter on Kim Il Sung, Шаблон:Ill, who provided the drunken testimony of an interpreter for the Soviets as evidence. Jung, knowing Hyŏn's death date as per the tombstone, said that Kim Chang-soon was likely swept up in anti-Kim Il Sung sentiment in the wake of the Korean War.Шаблон:Sfnp

In 1993, the theory that Daedongdan was behind the murder was first proposed in Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book Secret Organization White Shirts Society (Шаблон:Korean), which was based mostly on extensive interviews of Yeom's acquaintances and family. This led to significant renewed interest in Hyŏn's murder, which had been largely forgotten about until that point.Шаблон:Sfnp

In a 2002 episode of the documentary series Шаблон:Ill, a 21 May 1986 recording was released that they alleged was of Paek confessing to the murder:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Blockquote

They alleged that the recording was of Paek and provided by Paek's older brother, Paek Kŭn-ok (Шаблон:Korean). As a result of the recording, the consensus became that the assassination was carried out by Daedongdan in retaliation for rape and looting that occurred at the hands of the Soviets.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn

Jung's theory

However, in 2021, Jung Byung Joon questioned both the assumed identity of the speaker and the stated motivation. Jung found the original recording and other materials involving the speaker, and claimed that the recording was actually of Paek's older brother.Шаблон:Sfnp

He also provided his own theory for the motivation: that the murder was mainly motivated by the conflict over the Pyongyang security situation, and not by retaliation against the Soviets. He reasoned this because Paek's older brother was the head of one of the police forces that had conflicts with both the Red Guard and the Soviets, and would be motivated to portray the Red Guard in a negative light by having one of the assassins dressed in their uniform. In addition, he noted that the murder was of a Korean relatively disconnected with the Soviets, and not of a Soviet actually engaging in a crime. Finally, he argued that reports of Soviet atrocities only emerged a few weeks after the confirmed assassination date of 3 September, and were unlikely to be the motivation.Шаблон:Sfnp

He also notes that the chronology provided in another testimony by the elder Paek is seemingly incorrect; Paek stated that a first meeting with Hyŏn took place on 10 September, and a second meeting and the murder took place on 18 September. He theorizes that Paek either misremembered or misrepresented the event, in an attempt to portray the Soviets negatively.Шаблон:Sfnp

Notes and references

Sources

• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation