Английская Википедия:Hyaenodon

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Hyaenodon ("hyena-tooth") is an extinct genus of carnivorous placental mammals from extinct tribe Hyaenodontini within extinct subfamily Hyaenodontinae (in extinct family Hyaenodontidae),[1] that lived in Eurasia and North America from the middle Eocene, throughout the Oligocene, to the early Miocene.

Description

Файл:Hyaenodon horridus skull.jpg
Skull of Hyaenodon horridus
Файл:Hyaenodon NT small.jpg
Life reconstruction of H. horridus

Typical of early carnivorous mammals, individuals of Hyaenodon had a very massive skull, but a small brain. The skull is long with a narrow snout—much larger in relation to the length of the skull than in canine carnivores, for instance. The neck was shorter than the skull, while the body was long and robust and terminated in a long tail. Compared to the larger (but not closely related) Hyainailouros, the dentition of Hyaenodon was geared more towards shearing meat and less towards bone crushing.[2]

Some species of this genus were among the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammals of their time; others were only of the size of a marten. Remains of many species are known from North America, Europe, and Asia.[3] The average weight of adult or subadult H. horridus, the largest North American species, is estimated to about Шаблон:Cvt and may not have exceeded Шаблон:Cvt. H. gigas, the largest Hyaenodon species, was much larger, being Шаблон:Cvt and around Шаблон:Cvt.[2] H. crucians from the early Oligocene of North America is estimated to only Шаблон:Cvt. H. microdon and H. mustelinus from the late Eocene of North America were even smaller and weighed probably about Шаблон:Cvt.[4]

Tooth eruption

Studies on juvenile Hyaenodon specimens show that the animal had a very unusual system of tooth replacement. Juveniles took about 3–4 years to complete the final stage of eruption, implying a long adolescent phase. In North American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.[5]

Paleoecology

The various species of Hyaenodon competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera (including Sinopa, Dissopsalis and Hyainailurus), and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Asia and preyed on a variety of prey species such as primitive horses like Mesohippus, Brontotheres, early camels, oreodonts and even primitive rhinos.[2] Species of Hyaenodon have been shown to have successfully preyed on other large carnivores of their time, including a nimravid ("false sabertooth cat"), according to analysis of tooth puncture marks on a fossil Dinictis skull found in North Dakota.[6][7]

In North America the last Hyaenodon, in the form of H. brevirostrus, disappeared in the late Oligocene.[8] In Europe, they had already vanished earlier in the Oligocene.[3]

Classification and phylogeny

Файл:Hyaenodon Heinrich Harder.jpeg
Reconstruction of Hyaenodon by Heinrich Harder (around 1920)
Файл:Hyaenodon and Leptomeryx.jpg
Reconstruction of H. horridus and Leptomeryx evansi by W. B. Scott (1913)

Taxonomy

References

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Pan-Carnivora Шаблон:Taxonbar

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  1. ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell (1997). "Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level", Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pages. Шаблон:Page
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 X. Wang, Z. Qiu and B. Wang (2005). "Hyaenodonts and carnivorans from the early Oligocene to early Miocene of the Xianshuihe Formation, Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China." Palaeontologia Electronica 8(1):1-14
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ John W. Hoganson and Jeff Person (2010). "Tooth puncture marks on a skull of Dinictis (Nimravidae) from the Oligocene Brule Formation of Northe Dakota attributed to predation by Hyaenodon (Hyaenodontidae)", North Dakota Geological Survey
  7. ↑ John W. Hoganson and Jeff Person (2011). "Tooth puncture marks on a 30 million year old Dinictis skull.", Geo News, p. 12-17
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1841) "Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles." Tome 2: Secondates et Subursus, 123 p.; Viverras, 100 p. et atlas, 117 pl. Baillėte édit. Paris.
  10. ↑ Dashzeveg D. (1985). "Nouveau Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Mammalia) du Paléogène de Mongolie." Annales de Paléontologie 71:223–256
  11. ↑ Filhol, H. (1873). "Sur les Vertébrés fossiles trouvés dans les dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy." Bull. Soc. Pholomath. Paris (6) 10, 85-89.
  12. ↑ Matthew W. D. & Granger W. (1925). "New creodonts and rodents from the Ardyn Obo Formation of Mongolia." American Museum Novitates 193:1–11.
  13. ↑ Gervais P. (1873). "Mammifères dont les ossements accompagnent les dépôts de chaux phosphatée des départements du Tarn-et.Garonne et du Lot." Journal de Zoologie, Paris, 2:356-380
  14. ↑ M. Schlosser (1887). "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des Europaischen Tertiars." Beitrage zur Paleontologie Osterreich-Ungarns un des Orients 6:1-224
  15. ↑ R. Martin (1906). "Revision der obereocænen und unteroligocænen Creodonten Europas." Rev. Suisse Zool., 14, (3), pp. 405-500
  16. ↑ H. Filhol (1876). "Recherches sur les phospohorites du Quercy. Étude des fossiles qi'on y rencontre et spécialement des Mammifères." Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Paris, 7(7):220 p., pl. 11-36; 1877:art. 1, 340 p., 28 pl.
  17. ↑ Laizer, L. D. and Parieu, D. (1838). "Description et détermination d'une mâchoire fossile appartenant à un mammifère jusqu'à présent inconnu, Hyaenodon leptorhynchus." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, 7:442
  18. ↑ Lange-Badré, B. (1979). "Les créodontes (Mammalia) d'Europe occidentale de l'Éocène supérieur à l'Oligocène supérieur." Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 42: 1–249
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1924). "New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia." American Museum Novitates 104:1-9
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Gervais P. (1846). "Mémoire sur quelques Mammifères fossiles du Vaucluse." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Paris, T. 22, pp. 845-846.
  23. ↑ C. Young (1937). "An early Tertiary vertebrate fauna from Yuanchü." Bulletin of the geological society of China 17(3-4):413-438
  24. ↑ M. R. Thorpe (1922). "A new genus of Oligocene Hyaenodontidae." American Journal of Science 3(16):277-287
  25. ↑ Leidy, J. (1853). "Remarks on a collection of fossil Mammalia from Nebraska." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 6:392-394.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lavrov1999 не указан текст
  27. ↑ J. S. Mellett (1977). "Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta)." Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 1:1-134
  28. ↑ D. Dashzeveg (1964). "On two Oligocene Hyaenodontidae from Erghilyin-Dzo (Mongolian People's Republic)." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9(2):263-274
  29. ↑ E. Douglass (1902). "Fossil Mammalia of the White River beds of Montana." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 20:237-279
  30. ↑ C. Stock (1933). "Hyaenodontidae of the Upper Eocene of California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19(4):434-440
  31. ↑ J. R. Macdonald (1970). "Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota." Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science 8:165-82
  32. ↑ William Berryman Scott (1894). "The osteology of Hyaenodon" Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (2), 9, 291-323
  33. ↑ E. P. Gustafson (1986). "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
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