Английская Википедия:Hyangga
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Culture of Korea Шаблон:Infobox Korean name Hyangga (Шаблон:Korean) were poems written using Chinese characters in a system known as hyangchal during the Unified Silla and early Goryeo periods of Korean history. Only a few have survived: 14 in the Samguk yusa (late 6th to 9th centuries) and 11 by the monk Kyunyeo (10th century).Шаблон:Sfn
Features
Written using Hanja in a system known as hyangchal the hyangga are believed to have been first written in the Goryeo period, as the style was already beginning to fade. A collection of hyangga known as the Samdaemok (Шаблон:Korean) was compiled in the late 9th century by Wihong, the prime minister of Queen Jinseong of Silla, and the monk Taegu-Hwasang, but was since lost.Шаблон:Sfn The surviving hyangga consist of 14 recorded in the Samguk Yusa and 11 in the Gyunyeojeon by Kyunyeo.Шаблон:Sfn
The name hyangga is formed from the character for "back-country" or "rural village" (Шаблон:Linktext) – which was often used by the Silla people to describe their nation, specifically to distinguish these distinctly Silla poems from "pure" Chinese literature – and the character for "song" (Шаблон:Linktext). These poems are accordingly sometimes known as "Silla songs."
Eighteen of the 25 surviving hyangga reflect Buddhist themes.Шаблон:Sfn Another dominant theme was death. Many of the poems are eulogies to monks, to warriors, and to family members — in one case, a sister. The Silla period, especially before unification in 668, was a time of warfare; the hyangga capture the sorrow of mourning for the dead while Buddhism provided answers about where the dead go and the afterlife.
Structure
The structure of hyangga is not completely understood. The onlyШаблон:Sfn contemporaneous reference is a comment by Hyŏngnyŏn Chŏng, the compiler of Gyunyeo's biography that "their poetry is written in Chinese in penta- and heptasyllabic lines, [while] our songs are written in the vernacular in three gu and six myeong".Шаблон:Sfn What is meant by "three gu and six myeong" remains unresolved; Peter H. Lee interprets it as "three-line stanzas of six phrases each",Шаблон:Sfn while Alexander Vovin translates it more literally as "three stanzas, six names".Шаблон:Sfn
Since the work of linguist Shinpei Ogura in the 1920s,Шаблон:Sfn surviving hyangga have traditionally been classified into one of three forms: a single-quatrain form used in folk songs; an intermediate two-quatrain form; and a ten-line form of two quatrains and a concluding couplet, the most fully developed form of hyangga.Шаблон:Sfn This classification has been questioned in Korean scholarship since the 1980s,Шаблон:Sfn and a new hypothesis, proposed by Kim Sung-kyu in 2016, suggests that there were really only two forms of hyangga: a single-quatrain form and a two-tercet form.Шаблон:Sfn Kim interprets two consecutive lines of the ten-line form as one long line with a caesura, and the so-called "concluding" couplet of the ten-line hyangga to be a refrain for each of the stanzas, thus forming two tercets with shared final lines.Шаблон:Sfn Kim further argues that apparently eight-line forms are the result of a line being lost during transmission.Шаблон:Sfn
The two hypotheses are illustrated below with the ten-line work Jemangmaega, written for the funeral of the poet's sister.[1]
| Ten-line reading | Translation | |
|---|---|---|
|
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) |
Шаблон:Lang | The path of life and death
Were [you] so afraid when it was here (4) That [you] went and could not say (3) Even the words, "I'm going"? (6) Like leaves that float and fall hither-thither (5) By unripe autumn's early winds, Stemming from one branch Knowing not where [we] go. (10) Ah, [you] will clear the road and wait (9) For me, to meet in the pure land. |
| Six-line reading | Translation | |
|---|---|---|
|
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) |
Шаблон:Lang | Were [you] so afraid when the path of life and death was here
That [you] went and could not say even the words, "I'm going"? Ah, [you] will clear the road and wait for me, to meet in the pure land. Like leaves that float and fall hither-thither by unripe autumn's early winds, Stemming from one branch, knowing not where [we] go. Ah, [you] will clear the road and wait for me, to meet in the pure land. |
Example
A typical hyangga is "The Ode for Life Eternal" (or, perhaps, "The Ode for Nirvana"), a song that calls upon the Moon to convey the supplicant's prayer to the Western paradise, the home of Amita (or Amitabha, the Buddha of the Western Pure Land Sukhavati). The poem's authorship is somewhat unclear; it was either written by a monk named Gwangdeok (Шаблон:Korean) or, one source says, the monk's wife.[2]
| Idu | Medieval Korean | Modern Korean | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 願往生歌 | 원왕생가 | 왕생을 기원하는 노래 | Ode to Eternal Life
(translation by Mark Peterson, 2006) |
| 月下伊低赤 | ᄃᆞᆯ하 이뎨 | 달이여 이제 | Oh Moon! |
| 西方念丁去賜里遣 | 셔바ᇰᄭᆞ자ᇰ 가샤리고 | 서방(西方) 넘어 가시려는고 | As you go to the west this night, |
| 無量壽佛前乃 | 무랴ᇰ슈불 젼에 | 무량수불전(無量壽佛前)에 | I pray thee, go before the eternal Buddha, |
| 惱叱古音多可支白遣賜立 | 닏곰다가 ᄉᆞᆲ고샤셔 | 일러서 사뢰옵소서 | And tell him that there is one here |
| 誓音深史隱尊衣希仰支 | 다딤 기프샨 존어ᄒᆡ 울워러 | 다짐 깊으신 아미타불을 우러러 | Who adores Him of the deep oaths, |
| 兩手集刀花乎白良 | 두 손 모도호ᄉᆞᆯᄫᅡ | 두 손을 모두어 | And chants daily with hands together, saying |
| 願往生願往生 | 원와ᇰᄉᆡᇰ 원와ᇰᄉᆡᇰ | 왕생(往生)을 원하며 | Oh grant me eternal life, |
| 慕人有如白遣賜立 | 그릴 사ᄅᆞᆷ 잇다 ᄉᆞᆲ고샤셔 | 그리워하는 사람 있다 사뢰소서 | Oh grant me eternal life, |
| 阿耶 此身遣也置古 | 아으 이 몸 기텨 두고 | 아아 이 몸을 남겨 놓고 | But alas, can any of the 48 vows be kept |
| 四十八大願成遣賜去 | ᄉᆞ십팔대원 일고샬가 | 사십 팔 대원(大願) 이루실까 | While still trapped in this mortal frame? |
List
| Title | English | Author | Date | GraphsШаблон:Sfn | LinesШаблон:Sfn | Location | Text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Song of a Comet | Master Yungcheon | Шаблон:0 594 | 83 | 10 | 2:228 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Song of Seodong | King Mu of Baekje | Шаблон:Circa 600 | 25 | 4 | 2:98 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Ode to Yangji | anonymous | Шаблон:Circa 635 | 26 | 4 | 4:187–188 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Prayer to Amitāyus / Ode for Life Eternal | Gwangdeok or his wife | Шаблон:Circa 661–681 | 77 | 10 | 5:220 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Ode to Knight Jukji | Deugo | Шаблон:Circa 692–702 | 60 | 8 | 2:76–78 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Dedication of the Flower | an old herdsman | Шаблон:Circa 702–737 | 34 | 4 | 2:79 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Regret | Sinchung | Шаблон:0 737 | 56 | 8 | 5:232–233 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Ode to Knight Gipa | Master Chungdam | Шаблон:Circa 742–765 | 71 | 10 | 2:80–81 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Song of Tuṣita Heaven | Master Weolmyeong | Шаблон:0 760 | 37 | 4 | 5:222 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Requiem for the Dead Sister | Master Weolmyeong | Шаблон:Circa 762–765 | 75 | 10 | 2:79–80 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn | Hymn to the Thousand-Eyed Sound Observer | HuimyeongШаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Circa 762–765 | 81 | 10 | 3:158–159 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Statesmanship | Master Chungdam | Шаблон:0 765 | 98 | 10 | 2:79–80 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Meeting with Bandits | Master Yeonghae | Шаблон:Circa 785–798 | 75 | 10 | 5:235 | Шаблон:Ws |
| Шаблон:TransliterationШаблон:Sfn | Song of Cheoyong | Cheoyong | Шаблон:0 879 | 61 | 8 | 2:88–89 | Шаблон:Ws |
The 11 Шаблон:Transliteration composed by Kyunyeo (923–973) are:Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Veneration of Buddhas] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [In Praise of Tathagata/Buddha] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Abundant Offerings to Buddha] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Repentance of Sins and Retribution] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Rejoice in the Rewards of Virtue] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [The Revolving Wheel of Law] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Entreaty to the Coming of Buddha] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Faithful Observance of Buddha's Teachings] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Constant Harmony with Other Beings] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [Salvation of All Living Beings] Шаблон:Ws
- Шаблон:Transliteration [The Everlasting Conclusion] Шаблон:Ws
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- ↑ The translation is from the Korean of Sung 2006: "生死路는 / 이에 있으매 두려워서 / '나는 간다' 말도 / 못다(또는 못) 이르고 간 것이오? / 날가을 이른 바람에 / 여기저기에 떠서 질 잎같이 / 한 가지에 나고도 / 가는 곳 모르는구나! / 아아! 彌陀刹에서 만날 나를 / (그대는) 길 닦아 기다릴 것이오." Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:In langSeveral examples of Hwangga
