Английская Википедия:Hybrid electric bus

A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel–electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel–electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Powertrain

Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain

Шаблон:Main A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH)^[1]^[2] or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC).^[3]

Plug-in hybrid

Шаблон:Main

A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC,^[4] when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical^[5] and business feasibility^[6] and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005^[7] from NASEO to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $140k premium over existing buses.^[8] The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage^[9] although only in specific conditions.

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a Шаблон:Convert electric range. Travel beyond the Шаблон:Convert range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.^[10]

Tribrid Bus

Шаблон:See also

Tribrid buses have been developed by the University of Glamorgan in Wales. They are powered by hydrogen fuel or solar cells, batteries and ultracapacitors.^[11]

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

Шаблон:Main A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.^[12]

Manufacturers

Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland, Hong Kong, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Tokyo. The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands.^[15]

In Japan, Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005.

For the North American transit bus market, New Flyer Industries, Gillig, and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using components from either BAE Systems (series hybrid, initially branded HybriDrive and now branded Series-E),^[16] or Allison Transmission (parallel/series hybrid, branded Hybrid EP or H 40/50 EP).^[17] In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on the market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series.

In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London "Double-Decker", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO₂ emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus.

Former hybrid bus manufacturers

ISE Corporation ThunderVolt (filed for bankruptcy in 2010)
Azure Dynamics (filed for bankruptcy in 2012)

Conversions

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles (aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.^[18]

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses

Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:^[19]

North America

United States

Файл:Pioneer Valley Transit Authority University of Massachusetts Transit New Flyer Xcelsior articulated bus.jpg

A New Flyer Industries hybrid-electric articulated bus on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus, operated by the school

Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

Файл:CyRide 419.jpg

A Gillig 40 foot hybrid-electric bus equipped with a Voith DIWAhybrid transmission, operated by CyRide.

Canada

Файл:Hybrid bus Ottawa 11 2011 3508.jpg

OC Transpo hybrid bus, Ottawa

Transit Windsor (Windsor, Ontario)
Edmonton Transit System (Edmonton, Alberta)
Hamilton Street Railway (Hamilton, Ontario)
OC Transpo (Ottawa, Ontario)
RTC (Quebec City, Quebec)
RTL (Longueuil, Quebec)
Saskatoon Transit, Saskatchewan
STL (Laval, Quebec)
STL (Lévis, Quebec)
STM (Montreal, Quebec)
STO (Gatineau, Quebec)
STS (Sherbrooke, Quebec)
St. Catharines Transit Commission (St. Catharines, Ontario)
Toronto Transit Commission buses [673 out of 2137 regular buses are hybrid as of 2020]^[26]
Coast Mountain Bus Company (Vancouver, British Columbia)
BC Transit (Kelowna and Victoria).^[27]
GRT (Waterloo, Ontario)^[28] [currently 6 out of 218 buses in service are hybrid]
London Transit Commission (London, Ontario)
Strathcona County Transit (Strathcona County, Alberta)^[29] [as of 2014, 10 Nova Bus LFS HEV Diesel–electric hybrid buses remain in service]
Halifax Transit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Currently owns two hybrid-electric buses.
Lethbridge Transit, Lethbridge, Alberta. 11 out of 42 buses are hybrid.

Asia

Файл:Best CNG Hybrid.png

A Tata Marcopolo CNG Hybrid bus in Mumbai

China

Hong Kong

India

Iran

Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute (VFERI)

Pakistan

TransP
esh
Greenline, Karachi
awar

Japan

Файл:Entetsubus aerostar-HEV.jpg

A hybrid electric bus in Hamamatsu, Japan

Marunouchi Shuttle

etc.

Philippines

Green Frog Hybrid Buses

Singapore

Thailand

Файл:Hino HU2ASKP-VJT A1 1-46001.jpg

Hino HU2ASKP-VJT in Bangkok, Thailand, operator by BMTA

BMTA

Europe

Файл:AKSM 4202K Vitovt hybrid bus (2).jpg

AKSM-4202K Vitovt Hybrid in Minsk, Belarus

Belarus

Minsk^[30]
Slutsk^[31]

Germany

Файл:HL Fuhrpark - Hybridbus.jpg

A hybrid electric bus in Lübeck, Germany

Hungary

Budapest – The fleet consists of 28 Volvo 7900A Hybrid (articulated).
Kecskemét – The fleet consists of 20 Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec®-Hybrid (articulated).

Norway

Nettbuss, Hamar
Ruter, Oslo
Nettbuss, Trondheim
Nettbuss, Arendal
Nobina, Tromsø
Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk, Vestfold. Scania Citywide.

Romania

STB, Bucharest – The fleet consists of 130 Mercedes-Benz Citaro Hybrid.

UK

Файл:Bath First 39000 LJ07ECE hybrid bus.jpg

First West of England Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV in Bath, England

Шаблон:See also The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.^[35]

London Buses, London. This is the largest fleet in the UK, with around 2,300 vehicles in use.^[36]
National Express West Midlands, Birmingham – 18 currently,^[37] 21 more planned^[38]
Stagecoach, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Newcastle
Oxford Bus Company, Oxfordshire – 52 currently^[39]
FirstGroup, Bath, Somerset, Bristol, Manchester Metroshuttle, Leeds, Essex
Reading Buses
Lothian Buses
Cumfybus, Merseyside
Brighton & Hove
Stagecoach East Scotland, Aberdeen
Arriva Yorkshire, from April 2013

Spain

Файл:Castrosua Tempus 001.JPG

Castrosua Tempus hybrid city bus at the 2008 FIAA (International Bus and Coach Fair) in Madrid

Barcelona (MAN Lion's City Hybrid)^[40]
Empresa Municipal de Transportes, Madrid
Figueres, within the electric bus Project, IDAE

Sweden

Jönköpings Länstrafik, Jönköping. MAN Lion's City Hybrid.
Göteborgs Spårvägar, Gothenburg. Volvo 7700 Hybrid.
Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, Stockholm. MAN Lion's City Hybrid.

Other European countries

Ljubljanski potniški promet (5 Kutsenits Hydra City II/III Hybrid's), Ljubljana, Slovenia
Paris: RATP is using a hybrid electric bus outfitted with ultracapacitors; the model used is the MAN Lion's City Hybrid.^[41]^[42]
Milan, Italy
Team Trafikk, Trondheim, Norway, with 10 Volvo B5L
Vienna, Austria^[32]
PostAuto,^[43] Switzerland: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.^[44]
Warsaw, Poland, 4 Solaris hybrid (combustion-electric) buses
Luxemburg (Sales-Lentz, Emile Weber and AVL)
Belgium / Flanders (De Lijn)
Belgium / Wallonia (TEC): 90 Volvo 7900H (plug-in hybrid) + 208 solaris (combustion-electric) ordered in 2016Q4

Other countries

Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us.

Файл:Curitiba BRT 02 2013 Hybrid bus 6094.JPG

Hybrid biodiesel–electric buses provide feeder services in some routes of Curitiba's Rede Integrada de Transporte, Brazil.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

The Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project

Шаблон:Commons category-inline Шаблон:Buses

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